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时间:2020-04-29
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1、网络与羞耻心 There’sawell-knowncontradictioninthewaymanyofusbehaveonline,whichisthis:weknowwe’rebeingwatchedallthetime,andpaylipservicetotheevilsofsurveillancebyGoogleandthegovernment.1Buttheboundsofwhat’sconsideredtoopersonal,revealingorbanaltobeuploadedtoa
2、napporsharedwithacircleofsocialmedia“followers”seemstoshrinkbytheday. Imoanaboutthelackofprivacy,forexample,andyetIwillinglyandroutinelytradeitforconvenience.Iamnolongerforcedtotakemychancesonarestaurantandguesswhichoneisbest;Yelpwilltellmeandthenescor
3、tmetoitsfrontdoor.2Inolongerruntheriskofunforeseendelaysonpublictransport;GoogleMapswillinformmeofthefastestroutetomydestination,and,inapinch3,anUbercangetmethereviaanynumberofhiddenby-roads.Inolongerneedtoremembermyfriend’sbirthdays;Facebookwillnudge4m
4、e,andinvariablyluremetopostanupdatetoremindpeopleIexist.Toavailmyselfof5theseapplications,allIhavetodoismakemylocation,habitsandbeliefstransparenttotheirparentcompanieswhenevertheychoosetocheckinonme. Sowhat’sgoingon?“Visibilityisatrap,”wrotetheFrenchp
5、hilosopherMichelFoucault6inDisciplineandPunish:theBirthofthePrison.Whathemeantwasthatallowingoneselftobewatched,andlearningtowatchothers,isbothseductiveanddangerous.HedrewuponJeremyBentham’s18th-centuryplansfora“Panopticon”,aprisoninwhichinmatesareobser
6、vedfromacentraltowermannedbyaninvisibleoccupant,7hiswatchfuleyeseeingbutunseen.Theideawasthattheprisonerswouldinternalizethepresenceofthespectralwatchman,whetherornotanyonewasactuallyinside,andbehaveoftheirownaccord.8 AccordingtoFoucault,thedynamicsoft
7、hePanopticonboreanuncannyresemblancetohowpeopleself-monitorinsocietyatlarge.9Inthepresenceofever-watchfulwitnesses,hesaid,physicalcoercion10isnolongernecessary.Peoplepolicethemselves.Theydonotknowwhattheobserversareregisteringatanygivenmoment,whattheyar
8、elookingfor,exactly,orwhatthepunishmentsarefordisobedience.Buttheimaginationkeepsthempliant11.Inthesecircumstances,Foucaultclaimed,thearchitectureofsurveillancesbecomeperniciouslysubtleandseamless,12so“light”astobescarcelynoticea
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