考研英语历年真题、答案及解析(1986—2009)

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1986-2009考研英语真题汇总1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(15points)EXAMPLE:Iwascaught________therainyesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with[D]atANSWER:[A]1.Nodoctorscouldcurethepatient________hisstrangedisease.[A]with[B]of[C]from（B）[D]off2.Hewas________hiswits’endwhattodo.[A]in[B]on[C]at（C）[D]of3.Prior________hisdeparture,headdressedalettertohisdaughter.[A]to[B]of[C]in（A）[D]from4.Thedrivinginstructortoldmetopull________atthepostoffice.[A]up[B]back[C]round（A）-366- [D]along5.Whenthere’sadoubt,thechairman’sdecisionis________.[A]right[B]definite[C]fixed（D）[D]final6.WecanrelyonWilliamtocarryoutthismission,forhisjudgmentisalways________.[A]unquestionable[B]sound[C]subtle（B）[D]healthy7.Thenoiseoftheplanedied________inthedistance.[A]away[B]out[C]down（A）[D]off8.Hospitaldoctorsdon’tgooutveryoftenastheirwork________alltheirtime.[A]takesaway[B]takesin[C]takesover（D）[D]takesup9.Attendancesatfootballmatcheshave________sincethecomingoftelevision.[A]droppedin[B]droppeddown[C]droppedoff（C）[D]droppedout10.Afterthedeathoftheirparents,thesistersgotwell________andneverquarreled.[A]away[B]in[C]along（C）[D]out-366- 11.Theyalwaysgivethevacantseatsto________comesfirst.[A]who[B]whom[C]whoever（C）[D]whomever12.Advertisingisdistinguishedfromotherformsofcommunication________theadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobedelivered.[A]inthat[B]inwhich[C]inorderthat（A）[D]intheway13.Heis________ofanactor.[A]anybody[B]anyone[C]somebody（D）[D]something14.Thecaptainapologized________totellusmoreabouttheaccident.[A]fortobeunable[B]thathewasunable[C]tobeunable（D）[D]forbeingunable15.________isnoreasonfordischargingher.[A]Becauseshewasafewminuteslate[B]Owingtoafewminutesbeinglate[C]Thefactthatshewasafewminuteslate（C）[D]BeingafewminuteslateSectionII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceinthebracketsbelowthepassage.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoices.(10points)OnWednesdayafternoonsAnnietookthebusintotowntoshopinthemarket.Foranhouror__16__shewouldwalkupanddownbetweenthestallslookingateverything,buyinghereandthere,and__17__asharplookoutforthebargainsthatweresometimestobehad.Andthen,withallthe-366- thingssheneeded__18__shewouldleavethemarketforthestreetsofthetowntospendanotherhour__19__shelikedbest:lookinginfurnitureshopwindows.OneWednesdayshefoundanewshopfullofthemostdelightfulthings,withanoticeinvitinganyonetowalkinandlook__20__withoutfeelingtheyhadtobuysomething.Anniehesitatedforamomentbeforesteppingthroughthedoorwaywhere,almostatonce,shestopped__21__beforeagreenarmchair.Therewasacardonthechairwhichsaid:“Thisfinechairisyours__22__lessthanapoundaweek,”andverysmallatthebottom,“Cashpriceeighty-ninepoundsfifty.”Apoundaweek...__23__,shecouldalmostpaythatoutofherhousekeepingmoneyandnevermissit!Avoiceathershouldermadeher__24__.“CanIhelpyou,Madam?”Shelookedroundattheassistantwhohadcomesoftlytoher__25__.“Oh,well,no,”shesaid.“Iwasjustlooking.”“We’vechairsofallkindsintheshowroom.Ifyou’lljustcomeup,youwillfindsomethingtosuityou.”Annie,worriedatthethoughtofbeingpersuadedtobuysomethingshedidn’tneed,lefttheshophurriedly.16.[A]so[B]more[C]else（A）[D]another17.[A]taking[B]making[C]fixing（D）[D]keeping18.[A]buy[B]bought[C]buying（B）[D]tohavebought19.[A]inaway[B]bytheway[C]intheway（C）[D]ontheway20.[A]behind[B]round[C]back（B）[D]on-366- 21.[A]doubted[B]wondered[C]puzzled（D）[D]delighted22.[A]at[B]for[C]with（B）[D]in23.[A]Why[B]When[C]How（A）[D]What24.[A]jump[B]leap[C]laugh（A）[D]wonder25.[A]place[B]back[C]side（C）[D]frontSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthetwopassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)Text1Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.-366- Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist--andespeciallytheadministrator--dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou--butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.26.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor________.[A]allroundpeopleintheirownfields[B]peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’swork[C]generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional（B）[D]specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers27.Thespecialistis________.[A]amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople[B]amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefields[C]amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees（D）[D]amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters28.Theadministratoris________.[A]a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist[B]amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest[C]amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities（C）[D]amanwhoisan“educated”specialist29.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant________.[A]totrytobeageneralist[B]tochooseaprofitablejob[C]tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou（D）[D]todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist30.Aman’sfirstjob________.[A]isnevertherightjobforhim[B]shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob-366- [C]shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob（B）[D]isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljobTest2AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld--theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia--aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.31.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe________.[A]Iceland[B]LandofOpportunity[C]TheUnknownContinent（C）[D]UtopiaatLast32.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas________.[A]verylimited[B]vast[C]fairlyrich（A）[D]nonexistent33.Antarcticaisborderedbythe________.[A]PacificOcean[B]IndianOcean[C]AtlanticOcean（D）[D]Allthree34.TheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby________.-366- [A]coldair[B]calmseas[C]ice（A）[D]lackofknowledgeaboutthecontinent35.Accordingtothisarticle________.[A]2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinent[B]amillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPole[C]weatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpractical（C）[D]onlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarcticaSectionIV:StructureandVocabularyFillintheblankswiththewordswhichbestcompletethesentences.Putyourchoicesinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itwasthelargestexperimentwehaveeverhad;it________sixhouses.[A]ended[B]finished[C]was[D]lastedANSWER:[D]36.Musicoften________usofeventsinthepast.[A]remembers[B]memorizes[C]reminds（C）[D]reflects37.IfItakethismedicinetwiceadayitshould________mycold.[A]heat[B]cure[C]treat（B）[D]recover38.Icouldjustseeacarinthedistance,butIcouldn’t________whatcolouritwas.[A]makeout[B]lookto-366- [C]lookout（A）[D]takein39.Icouldtellhewassurprisedfromthe________onhisface.[A]appearance[B]shock[C]look（C）[D]sight40.Thetoyboatturnedoverandsanktothe________ofthepool.[A]base[B]depth[C]ground（D）[D]bottom41.Marynevertellsanyonewhatshedoesfora________.[A]job[B]work[C]profession（D）[D]living42.Thatboyissuchagoodviolinisthewillprobablymakequitea________forhimself.[A]star[B]credit[C]name（C）[D]character43.Oldphotographsgiveoneabrief________ofthepast.[A]glance[B]glimpse[C]sight（B）[D]look44.Thenovelistisahighly________person.[A]imaginable[B]imaginative[C]imaginary（B）[D]imagined-366- 45.Althoughthepayisnotgood,peopleusuallyfindsocialwork________inotherways.[A]payable[B]respectful[C]grateful（D）[D]rewardingSectionV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachquestionconsistsofasentencewithfourunderlinedparts(wordsorphrases).Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].Choosethepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownthecorrectwordorphraseonthelinefollowingthebrackets.(10points)EXAMPLE:You’vetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecause[A]there’s[B]hardlysomething[C]left.[D]ANSWER:[C]anything46.Theprofessortoldtheeconomics[A]studentthathedidn’tapprove[B]in[C]histakingtheadvancedcoursebefore[D]hemadeapassingmarkinEconomics1.（[C]approveof）47.Althoughagreatnumberofhousesinthatareaarestill[A]inneedofrepair,[B]therehavebeen[C]improvementinthefacilities.[D]（[C]hasbeen）48.Mr.Gilmoreisoneofthosemenwhoappears[A]tobefriendly[B]however,itisveryhardtodeal[C]withhim.[D]（[A]appear）49.Tounderstandthesituationcompletely[A]requires[B]morethoughtthanhasgiven[C]thusfar.[D]（[C]hasbeengiven）50.[A]greatmany[A]educatorsfirmly[B]believethatEnglishisoneofthepoorest[C]taughtsubjectsinhighschoolstoday.[D]（[C]mostpoorly）51.Ofallhisoutdoor[A]activities.Paullikesfishingbestofall,[B]buthedoesn’tenjoycleaning[C]fishingrodsafterwards.[D]（[B](the)best,(the)most）52.Ishould[A]nothaverecognizedthe[B]maneven[C]youhadtold[D]mehisname.（[C]evenif,eventhough）53.Inanhour’s[A]timeIhaddonetheworkwith[B]mysatisfaction;Igotmyhatin[C]hallandslippedoutunnoticed.[D]（[B]to）54.Thenewhotelhaserected[A]abeautifulbuildingwith[B]recreationareasandconferencefacilitiesonthetopfloorinwhich[C]thefinestviewofthecitycanbeobtained.[D]（[C]where,fromwhich,onwhich）-366- 55.Whilein[A]Europe,thetouristsenjoyedto[B]theirheart’s[C]contenttheweather,thefoodandgoingtothetheatre.[D]（[D]thetheatre）SectionVI:VerbFormsFillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsofverbsgiveninbrackets.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident________(appointed)forthiscollege.ANSWER:(should)beappointed56.Theenemyretreatedtothewoodsafterthey(defeat).（weredefeated/hadbeendefeated）57.I(speak)tohimforsometimebeforeIrealizedwhohewas.（hadbeenspeaking）58.Oneshouldneverloseone’sheartwhen(confront)withtemporarydifficulties.（confronted）59.Thehousesuddenlycollapsedwhileit(pull)down.（wasbeingpulled）60.On(give)anassignmenttomakeabusinesstourabroad,hegladlyacceptedit.（beinggiven）61.(Get)everythingready,theygotdowntomapoutaplanfortheconstructionofanewexpressway.（Havinggot）62.AfterPetergrewabeard,evenhisclosefriends(notrecognize)himatfirstsight.（could/didnotrecognize,werenotabletorecognize）63.Darkness(set)in,theyoungpeoplelingeredonmerrymaking.（setting）64.Thestudentswereto(assemble)attheauditoriumbefore1:30p.m.,butthelecturewascanceledatthelastminute.（haveassembled/assemble）65.Emphasisislaidonthenecessitythatalltheobjectivestobeattained(take)intoaccountbeforestartinganewproject.（(should)betaken）SectionVII:Chinese-EnglishTranslationTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)66.去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。67.他在科研上取得的成就要比预期的大。68.我们现在必须做的是把情况作一番仔细的调查。69.很难说哪个方案更为切实可行。-366- 70.昨晚如果他来了，问题也许已得到解决。SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose“allrounders”withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn’thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’stoolatenow.Icouldn’tgobackandbeginalloveragain.”(75)Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversity.(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)HeisimmediatelyacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)Itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.1986年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[B]2.[C]3.[A]4.[A]5.[D]6.[B]7.[A]8.[D]9.[C]10.[C]11.[C]12.[A]13.[D]14.[D]15.[C]SectionII:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)16.[A]17.[D]18.[B]19.[C]20.[B]21.[D]22.[B]23.[A]24.[A]25.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(10points)26.[B]27.[D]28.[C]29.[D]30.[B]31.[C]32.[A]33.[D]34.[A]35.[C]-366- SectionIV:StructureandVocabulary(10points)36.[C]37.[B]38.[A]39.[C]40.[D]41.[D]42.[C]43.[B]44.[B]45.[D]SectionV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)46.[C]approveof47.[C]hasbeen48.[A]appear49.[C]hasbeengiven50.[C]mostpoorly51.[B](the)best,(the)most52.[C]evenif,eventhough53.[B]to54.[C]where,fromwhich,onwhich55.[D]thetheatreSectionVI:VerbForms(10points)56.weredefeated/hadbeendefeated57.hadbeenspeaking58.confronted59.wasbeingpulled60.beinggiven61.Havinggot62.could/didnotrecognize,werenotabletorecognize63.setting64.haveassembled/assemble65.(should)betakenSectionVII:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)66.Thegoodcroplastyearwasduetotheimprovementoffarmmanagementandfavorableweathercondition.67.Thesuccesshehasachievedinscientificresearchisgreaterthanexpected.68.Whatwemustdonowistomakeacarefulinvestigationofthesituation.69.It’shardtosaywhichplanismorepracticable.70.Ifhehadcomeyesterdayevening,thequestionmighthavebeensolved.SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)71.如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。72.如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。73.学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。-366- 74.我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。75.当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。76.某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。77.他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间，以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。78.因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)EXAMPLE:Iwascaught________therainyesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with[D]atANSWER:[A]1.Theskyscraperstandsout________thebluesky.[A]in[B]against[C]under（B）[D]beneath2.Theyhavealwaysbeenongood________withtheirnext-doorneighbors.[A]friendship[B]relations[C]connection（D）[D]terms3.Hello!Isthat21035?Pleaseputme________tothemanager.[A]across-366- [B]up[C]through（C）[D]over4.Whydoyoulookso________?Youneversmileorlookcheerful.[A]miserable[B]unfortunate[C]sorry（A）[D]rude5.Eggs,thoughnourishing,have________offatcontent.[A]largenumber[B]alargenumber[C]thehighamount（D）[D]ahighamount6.Jimalways________hisclassmatesinadebate.[A]backsout[B]backsaway[C]backsup（C）[D]backsdown7.Mostofthepeoplewho________twoworldwarsarestronglyagainstarmsrace.[A]havelivedout[B]havelivedthrough[C]havelivedon（B）[D]havelivedoff8.Therearemanyinconveniencesthathavetobe________whenyouarecamping.[A]putup[B]putupwith[C]putoff（B）[D]putaway9.Isittruethatthoseoldhousesarebeingpulleddown________newofficeblocks?[A]toaccommodate[B]toprovidefor[C]toincrease（D）-366- [D]tomakeroomfor10.Beinginnogreathurry,________.[A]wewentthelongroutewithscenery[B]thelong,scenicroutewasourpreference[C]wetookthelongscenicroute（C）[D]ourpreferencewastakingthelong,scenicrouteSectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthreepassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers,readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Text1Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.Chinesechildrenplayedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,”whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirownpersonalhelicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.Thehelicopterhasnowbecomeanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminpolicework,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsandsupplies.Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toplaceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwantedpersons.11.Peopleexpectthat________.[A]theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallybereplacedbyhelicopters[B]helicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromplacetoplaceasairlinersarenowdoing[C]theimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer’sinventionwouldbecomearealityinthefuture（B）[D]theirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersoftoday-366- 12.Helicoptersworkwiththeaidof________.[A]acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandontop[B]arotatingdevicetopside[C]onerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateachend（B）[D]arotatingfanunderneathforlifting13.Whatissaidaboutthedevelopmentofthehelicopter?[A]Helicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansince1940.[B]Chinesechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.[C]Helicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairplanes.（D）[D]Somepeoplethoughttheywouldbecomewidelyusedbyaverageindividuals.14.Howhastheuseofhelicoptersdeveloped?[A]Theyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariouspurposes.[B]Theyaretakingtheplaceofhigh-flyingjets.[C]Theyareusedforrescuework.（A）[D]Theyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialprojects.15.Underwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobeabsolutelyessential?[A]Foroverseaspassengertransportation.[B]Forextremelyhighaltitudeflights.[C]Forhigh-speedtransportation.（D）[D]Forurgentmissiontoplacesinaccessibletootherkindsofcraft.Text2InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy’sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.-366- Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes’expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.16.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames________.[A]weremerelynationalathleticfestivals[B]wereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour[C]hadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition（B）[D]wereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants17.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames________.[A]onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames[B]allGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepart[C]allGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGames（A）[D]allmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames18.TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics________.[A]hasnotdefinitelybeenestablished[B]variedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitors[C]wasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheld（A）[D]wasconsideredunimportant19.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause________.[A]theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults[B]theyaremuchbetter[C]detailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast（C）[D]theyaremuchworse20.Nowadays,theathletes’expensesarepaidfor________.[A]outoftheprizemoneyofthewinners-366- [B]outofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnations[C]bytheathletesthemselves（B）[D]bycontributionsText3Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are.“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.21.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis________.[A]toexplainwhythingshappen[B]toexplainhowthingshappen[C]todescribeself-evidentprinciples（B）[D]tosupportAristotelianscience22.Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?[A]thespeculationsofThales[B]theforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravity[C]Aristotle’snaturalscience（C）[D]Galileo’sdiscoveries23.BertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis________.[A]disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists[B]inagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentprinciples[C]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen（C）[D]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingshappen-366- 24.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea________.[A]thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse[B]thatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”are[C]thatthereareself-evidentprinciples（B）[D]thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo25.Modernsciencecameintobeing________.[A]whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroduced[B]whenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappen[C]whenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappen（A）[D]whenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoningSectionIII:StructureandVocabularyFillintheblankswiththewordswhichbestcompletethesentence.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itwasthelargestexperimentwehaveeverhad,it________sixhours.[A]ended[B]finished[C]was[D]lastedANSWER:[D]26.Asscheduled,thecommunicationssatellitewentinto________roundtheearth.[A]circle[B]orbit[C]path（B）[D]course27.WhenIsawJane,Istoppedandsmiled,butshe________meandwalkedon.[A]refused[B]ignored[C]denied（B）[D]missed28.Itwasagoodgame,andattheendthe________wasArgentina3,WestGermany2.[A]mark-366- [B]account[C]record（D）[D]score29.Georgetook________ofthefineweathertodoaday’sworkinhisgarden.[A]chance[B]interest[C]advantage（C）[D]charge30.Isthereanyonewho________theplansputforwardbythecommittee?[A]differs[B]opposes[C]disagrees（B）[D]refuses31.Alltoo________itwastimetogobacktoschoolafterthesummervacation.[A]often[B]quick[C]fast（D）[D]soon32.Inanaccidentwhentwocarsrunintoeachother,they________.[A]hit[B]knock[C]strike（D）[D]collide33.Thenoisewascausedbyaboy________acatthroughthegarden.[A]catching[B]fighting[C]following（D）[D]chasing34.Hedrovefastandarrivedanhour________ofschedule.[A]inadvance[B]ahead[C]abreast（B）-366- [D]infront35.Thisticket________youtoafreemealinournewrestaurant.[A]gives[B]entitles[C]grants（B）[D]creditsSectionIV:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)EXAMPLE:Forinstance,theautomobiletunnelmight________hugeventilationproblems.[A]make[B]bring[C]raise[D]createANSWER:[D]Chequeshave__36__replacedmoneyasameansofexchangefortheyarewidelyacceptedeverywhere.Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerandseller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthatchequesarenotrealmoney:theyarequitevaluelessinthemselves.Ashop-keeperalwaysrunsacertain__37__whenheacceptsachequesandheisquite__38__hisrightsifonoccasion,herefusestodoso.Peopledonotalwaysknowthisandareshockediftheirgoodfaithiscalled__39__.Anoldandverywealthyfriendofminetoldmehehadanextremelyunpleasantexperience.Hewenttoafamousjewelryshopwhichkeepsalarge__40__ofpreciousstonesandaskedtobeshownsomepearlnecklaces.Afterexaminingseveraltrays,hedecidedtobuyaparticularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybyCheques.Theassistantsaidthatthiswasquite__41__butthemomentmyfriendsignedhisname,hewasinvitedintothemanager’soffice.Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexplainedthatsomeonewithexactlythesamenamehadpresentedthemwithaworthlessChequenotlongago.Myfriendgotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuyanecklacesomewhereelse.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthepolicewouldarriveatanymomentandhehadbetterstay__42__thewantedtogetintoserioustrouble.__43__,thepolicearrivedsoonafterwards.Theyapologizedtomyfriendforthe__44__,butexplainedthatapersonwhohadusedthesamenameashiswasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.Thenthepoliceaskedmyfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberofshops.Thenote__45__:“Ihaveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgivemeallthemoneyinthesafe.”Fortunately,myfriend’shandwritingwasquiteunlikethethief’s.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurtherdelay,buttotakethestringofpearlswithhim.-366- 36.[A]exactly[B]really[C]largely（C）[D]thoroughly37.[A]danger[B]chance[C]risk（C）[D]opportunity38.[A]within[B]beyond[C]without（A）[D]outof39.[A]indifficulty[B]indoubt[C]inearnest（D）[D]inquestion40.[A]amount[B]stock[C]number（B）[D]store41.[A]inorder[B]inneed[C]inuse（A）[D]incommon42.[A]whether[B]if[C]otherwise（D）[D]unless43.[A]Really[B]Sureenough[C]Certainly（B）-366- [D]However44.[A]treatment[B]manner[C]inconvenience（C）[D]behaviour45.[A]read[B]told[C]wrote（A）[D]informedSectionV:VerbFormsFillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsoftheverbsgiveninthebrackets.PutyouranswerintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident________(appointed)forthiscollege.ANSWER:(should)beappointed46.Withallfactors(consider)wethinkthisprogrammayexcelalltheothersinachievingthegoal.（considered）47.Theyhadbeenworkingroundtheclockforacoupleofdays(hope)togetthedesignoutbeforetheircompetitorsdid.（hoping）48.There’sageneralunderstandingamongthemembersoftheBoardofDirectorsthatchiefattention(give)totheundertakingthatisexpectedtobringinhighestprofit.（(should)begiven）49.Ifwedon’tstartoutnow,wemustrisk(miss)thetrain.（missing）50.Thistest(intend)toreinforcewhatyouhavelearntinthepastfewweeks.（isintended）51.Themembersofthedelegationwereglad(stay)longerthanoriginallyplanned.（tohavestayed）52.Withfullknowledgeofhispastexperience,weknewallalongthathe(succeed).（wouldsucceed）53.(Knownot)whatappropriatemeasurestobetakentocopewiththesituation,hewrotetohislawyerforadvice.（Notknowing）54.It’snogood(write)tohim,heneveranswersletters.Theonlythingtodoistogoandseehim.（writing）55.(Come)whatmay,we’renotgoingtomakeanyconcessionstohisunreasonabledemands.（come）-366- SectionVI:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachquestionconsistsofasentencewithfourunderlinedparts(wordsorphrases).Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownthecorrectwordorphraseonthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:You’vetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecause[A]there’s[B]hardlysomething[C]left.[D]ANSWER:[C]anything56.In[A]hisresponseto[B]theadvertisement,Ed.repliedthathewaslookingforafull-timeposition[C]notapart-time[D]one.（[D]apart-time）57.Noonewhohasseen[A]himwork[B]inthelaboratorycandeny[C]thatWilliamhasgreatcapabilitiesof[D]research.（[D]for）58.Neitherofthealternativesthathadbeenoutlined[A]atthelastmeeting[B]were[C]acceptableto[D]theexecutivecommittee.（[C]was）59.Airlinecompaniestodayrequire[A]thatallluggage’s[B]beinspected[C]beforepassengersareadmittedinto[D]thewaitingrooms.（[B]luggage）60.AlthoughAlicehasbeen[A]tothemountainsmanytimes[B]before,shestill[C]lovesvisitingit.[D]（[D]visitingthem）61.AnimportantfunctionoftheWorldHealthOrganizationistoimprove[A]thehealthy[B]andlivingconditionsforthesickandthepoorof[C]world[D]（[B]health）62.Theelementcarboniswidely[A]found[B]innature[C]inmanyformsincludingbothdiamondsaswellas[D]coal.（[D]and）63.Whilestillayoungboy[A]Bizetknewtoplay[B]thepianowellandas[C]hegrewolder,hewroteoperas,themostfamousofwhich[D]isCarmen.（[B]howtoplay）64.Despitethefactthat[A]theSouthPoleisassnow-covered[B]andstormy-weathered[C]astheNorthPole,itiscolder[D]thantheNorthPole.（[D]itiscolder）65.Climate[A]conditionsvarywidely[B]fromplacetoplaceandfromseasontoseason,butacertainorderandpattern[C]canbeidentifiable.[D]（[D]identified）SectionVII:Chinese-EnglishTranslationTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish(15points)-366- 66.所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。67.我们恳切希望你早日给我们一个答复。68.即使你说服不了他，也不要灰心丧气。69.这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。70.你讲英语时，发音要准，否则人家就听不懂你的意思。SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)Havetherealwaysbeencities?(71)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglybecomingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialexistence.(72)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplydividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheslums.Ofcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(75)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobepreserved.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownfreewill.(76)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofgovernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(77)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Living-366- conditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunately,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.1987年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(10points)1.[B]2.[D]3.[C]4.[A]5.[D]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.[D]10.[C]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(15points)11.[B]12.[B]13.[D]14.[A]15.[D]16.[B]17.[A]18.[A]19.[C]20.[B]21.[B]22.[C]23.[C]24.[B]25.[A]SectionIII:StructureandVocabulary(10points)26.[B]27.[B]28.[D]29.[C]30.[B]31.[D]32.[D]33.[D]34.[B]35.[B]SectionIV:CloseTest(10points)36.[C]37.[C]38.[A]39.[D]40.[B]41.[A]42.[D]43.[B]44.[C]45.[A]SectionV:VerbForms(10points)46.considered47.hoping48.(should)begiven49.missing50.isintended51.tohavestayed52.wouldsucceed53.Notknowing54.writing55.comeSectionVI:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)56.[D]apart-time57.[D]for58.[C]was59.[B]luggage60.[D]visitingthem61.[B]health62.[D]and63.[B]howtoplay64.[D]itiscolder65.[D]identifiedSectionVII:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)-366- 66.Allthosewhoworkhardshouldbeencouraged.67.Wesincerelyhopethatyougiveusanearlyreply.68.Don’tfeeldiscouragedevenifyoushouldfailinpersuadinghim.69.Sofarnocorrectconclusionhasbeendrawnonthematter.70.WhenyouspeakEnglish,yourpronunciationshouldbecorrect.Otherwiseyoucan’tmakeyourselfunderstood.SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)71.对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。(2分)72.从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。(2分)73.如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。(3分)74.可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。(2分)75.但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。(3分)76.同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。(3分)77.诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。(2分)78.遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。(3分)1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)EXAMPLE:Iwascaught________therainyesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with-366- [D]atANSWER:[A]1.Ididn’tbuytheapples;shegavethemtome________nothing.[A]with[B]as[C]for（C）[D]by2.It’s________mypowertomakefinaldecisiononthematter.[A]off[B]outside[C]above（D）[D]beyond3.IshouldsayHenryisnot________muchawriterasareporter.[A]that[B]so[C]this（B）[D]as4.Iwon’tpay20forthecoat;it’snotworth________.[A]allthatmuch[B]thatmuchall[C]thatallmuch（A）[D]muchallthat5.Hedidn’tgointodetailonthesubject;hespoke________.[A]incommon[B]ingeneral[C]inparticular（C）[D]inshort6.It’struethattheoldroadislessdirectandabitlonger.Wewon’ttakethenewone,________,becausewedon’tfeelassafeonit.[A]somehow[B]though[C]therefore（B）-366- [D]otherwise7.Whenyouareaboutthroughthestory________,trytomakeaguesshowtheplotwilldevelop.[A]half[B]midway[C]halfway（C）[D]one-half8.Thoughalreadyateenager,Peterstillfindsithardto________hisfavoritetoys.[A]partoff[B]partwith[C]partaway（B）[D]partfrom9.Strenuouseffortshavebeenmadeto________governmentexpensestoadesirablelevel.[A]cutdown[B]cutshort[C]cutout（A）[D]cutoff10.Whenataparty,besurenotto________fromthepersonwhotriestoengageyouinconversation.[A]turndown[B]turnaway[C]turnoff（C）[D]turnback11.Thesurvival________ofsomewildanimalsisnotveryhighastheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins.[A]rate[B]degree[C]ratio（A）[D]scale12.Hewas________admittancetothetheatrefornotbeingproperlydressed.[A]denied[B]rejected[C]repelled（A）-366- [D]deprived13.WhenIaskyouaquestion,Iexpecta________answer.[A]punctual[B]fast[C]rapid（D）[D]prompt14.Ifamanislegallyseparatedfromhiswife,ishestill________forherdebts?[A]answerable[B]chargeable[C]recoverable（A）[D]payable15.Atthemeeting,Rolandargued________infavoroftheproposal.[A]severely[B]heavily[C]forcefully（C）[D]warmlySectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Text1Itdoesn’tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan’trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou’rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I’mjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren’tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff--botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It’squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindout-366- how”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisdoing.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I’mreadingthisarticletofindout.”Or,“I’mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.That’smyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I’dbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!”Youdon’tjustsittheretakinginideas--youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone’sownpersonalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.16.Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,________.[A]itisnosurprise[B]itmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanything[C]itmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbook（B）[D]yourealizeitisofnoimportance17.Beforeyoustartreading,itisimportant________.[A]tomakesurewhyyouarereading[B]torelatetheinformationtoyourpurpose[C]torememberwhatyouread（A）[D]tochooseaninterestingbook18.Readingactivityinvolves________.[A]onlytwosimultaneousprocesses[B]primarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemcritically[C]merelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions（B）[D]mainlydrawingaccurateinferences19.Agoodreaderisonewho________.[A]relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectmatter-366- [B]doeslotsofthinkinginhisreading[C]takesacriticalattitudeinhisreading（C）[D]isabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyknownText2Ifyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisdoingatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefinitelyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractors,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareplaying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisforasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorintermittent.Noisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftasks,forinstance,ifoneisperformingawatchkeepingtaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfortheappearanceofaircraft).Communicatingwithotherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.Theproblemisnoise.20.Noisediffersfromsoundinthat________.[A]itissoundsthatinterferewiththetaskbeingdone[B]itisaspecialtypeofloudsound[C]itisusuallyunavoidableinbigcities（A）[D]itcanbedefinedmorepreciselythanthelatter21.Oneoftheharmfuleffectsofnoiseonhumanperformanceisthat________.[A]itreducesone’ssensitivity[B]itrendersthevictimhelpless[C]itdeprivesoneoftheenjoymentofmusic（A）[D]itdrownsoutconversationsatworksites-366- 22.Thepurposeofthispassageis________.[A]todefinetheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior[B]towarnpeopleofthedangerofnoisepollution[C]togiveadviceastohowtopreventhearingloss（A）[D]totellthedifferencebetweennoiseandsoundText3Thetraditionalbeliefthatawoman’splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawoman’stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawoman’swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsixherroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.Thus,evenifweagreethatawomanshouldstayathometolookafterherchildrenbeforetheyareofschoolage,formanywomen,thisperiodwouldextendonlyforabouttenyears.Itmightbearguedthatthehouse-proudwomanwouldstillfindplentytodoaboutthehome.Thatmaybeso,butitiscertainlynolongernecessaryforawomantospendherwholelifecooking,cleaning,mendingandsewing.Washingmachinestakethedrudgeryoutoflaundry,thelatestmodelsbeingentirelyautomaticandabletowashanddryalargequantityofclothesinafewminutes.Refrigeratorshavemadeitpossibletostorefoodforlongperiodsandmanypre-cookedfoodsareobtainableintins.Shopping,insteadofbeingadailytask,canbecompletedinonedayaweek.Thenewman-madefibersaremorehardwiringthannaturalfibersandgreatlyreducemending,whilegoodready-madeclothesarecheapandplentiful.Apartfromwomen’sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.Modernsocietycannotdowellwithoutthecontributionthatwomencanmakeinprofessionsandotherkindsofwork.Thereisaseriousshortageofnursesandteachers,tomentiononlytwooftheoccupationsfollowedbywomen.Itisextremelywastefultogiveyearsoftrainingatpublicexpenseonlytohavethequalifiedteacherornursemarryafterayearortwoandbelostforevertoherprofession.Thetraining,itistrue,willhelpherindutiesasamother,butifshecontinuedtowork,herservicewouldbemorewidelyuseful.Manyfactoriesandshops,too,arelargelystaffedbywomen,manyofthemmarried.Whileherethequestionoftrainingisnotsoimportant,industryandtradewouldbeseriouslyshortofstaffifmarriedwomendidnotwork.23.Theauthorholdsthat________.[A]therightplaceforallwomen,marriedorotherwise,isthehome,notelsewhere[B]allmarriedwomenshouldhavesomeoccupationoutsidethehome[C]amarriedwomanshouldgivefirstprioritytoherdutiesasamother（B）[D]itisdesirableforuneducatedmarriedwomentostayathomeandtakecareofthefamily24.Ahouse-proudwoman________.[A]woulddevoteherwholelifetoherfamily[B]wouldtakeherownhappinessandthatofherfamilyasherchiefconcern-366- [C]wouldstillneedsomespecialtrainingatpublicexpensetohelpherinherdutiesasahousewife（D）[D]wouldtakefulladvantageofmodernhouseholdappliances25.Accordingtotheauthor,modernsociety________.[A]canoperatejustaswellevenwithoutwomenparticipation[B]hasbeengreatlyhamperedinitsdevelopmentbytheshortageofwomennursesandwomenteachers[C]cannotoperateproperlywithoutthecontributionofwomen（C）[D]willbeseriouslyaffectedbythecontinuingshortageofworkingwomeninheavyindustriesandinternationaltradeSectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)In1620,asmallsailboatnamedtheMayflowerleftEnglandfortheNewWorld.TheMayflowerheadedfortheJamestowncolonyonthewarmshoreofVirginia.ItsonehundredpassengerswerethePilgrims.TheywerelookingforaplacewheretheycouldworshipGod__26__.Becauseofstrongwindsandseverestorms,theMayflowerlostits__27__.ThebravegroupofcolonistsfinallyhadtolandatPlymouthontherockycoastofMassachusettsinDecember1620.Itwasthemiddleofthesternnorthernwinter.__28__monthsofstarvation,disease,anddeathwereaheadofthem.Onlythestrongestofthepilgrims__29__thatwinter.Manywomengavetheirownpitifulrationstotheirchildrenanddiedforlackoffoodforthemselves.Living__30__begantoimproveinthespringof1621.Therewerewildvegetables.Therewereberriesandfruit.Fishandgamewereplentiful.Therefore,theywereabletogetenoughfreshmeatdespitetheirlackofskillorexperienceinhuntingandfishing.Thecolonists’health__31__withthewarmweatherandtheirbetterdiet.Inthefall,theylookback__32__thepastyear.Theywerebothregretfulandthankful.Onlyfiftyoftheoriginalonehundredpassengersremained.Thepriceinhumanlifeandtragedyhadbeengreat.Ontheotherhand,theysawnewhopeforthefuture.Asplendidharvestwas__33__them.Theywerereadyforthesecondwinterwithconfidence.Theyhadelevencrudehousesforprotectionagainsttheseverewinter.Sevenwereforfamilies,andfourwereforcommunaluse.__34__,theyhadestablishedatreatyoffriendshipwiththeirIndianneighborsunderChiefMassasoitinthesummer.Thewoodsandforestsbecamesafe.WhentheMayflowerreturnedtoEnglandthatsummer,therewerenocolonists__35__.Attheendoftheirfirstyearintheirnewhome,thePilgrimswantedtocelebratewitharealholiday.ItwastheirfirstThanksgivingDay.26.[A]intheirownstyle[B]intheirownway[C]ontheirown（B）-366- [D]oftheirown27.[A]course[B]route[C]passage（A）[D]channel28.[A]Uncomfortable[B]Bad[C]Unfavourable（D）[D]Terrible29.[A]passed[B]sustained[C]survived（C）[D]spent30.[A]situations[B]environments[C]conditions（C）[D]circumstances31.[A]strengthened[B]regained[C]recovered（D）[D]improved32.[A]in[B]of[C]over（C）[D]at33.[A]on[B]behind[C]for（B）[D]beyond34.[A]Bestofall[B]Forthebest-366- [C]Totheirbest（A）[D]Allinall35.[A]ashore[B]around[C]about（D）[D]aboardSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:You’vetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecause[A]there’s[B]hardlysomething[C]left.[D]ANSWER:[C]anything36.Theunionandthemanagementarehavingsuchadifficult[A]timeagreeing[B]onacontractfor[C]theforthcomingyearthattheworkersmaygoonstrike[D].（[A]suchadifficult）37.Hegotup,walkedacross[A]theroom,andwith[B]asharpquickmovementflung[C]thedoorwidelyopen.[D]（[D]wideopen）38.Hisvictoryinthefinal[A]wasnomore[B]convinced[C]thanIhadexpected.[D]（[C]convincing）39.Becausethereareless[A]memberspresenttonightthan[B]therewere[C]lastnight,wemustwaituntilthenextvoting.[D]（[A]fewer）40.We’vegivenhimjust[A]abouteverythingheasked;[B]whateverelse[C]can[D]hewant?（[B]askedfor）41.Innote-taking[A],astrictdisciplinehastobekept[B]andallinessentialdetailsignored[C]unnecessarywordseliminated.[D]（[B]keptto）42.Whenthetankcarcarried[A]thepoisonousgasranoff[B]therails,thefirementriedtoisolatethevillagefrom[C]alltraffic.[D]（[A]carrying）43.Tobe[A]frank,that[B]isagreatrelieftohavethetaskfulfilled[C]insoshortatime.[D]（[B]it）44.At[A]aminimum,thenegotiatorsarehopingofachieving[B]anagreementinprinciple,[C]withdetailstobeworkedout[D]later.（[B]hopingtoachieve）-366- 45.Itisencouraging[A]tonote[B]thatinrecentyears,cigarettesmokershavebeeninthedecline[C],especiallyamongolder[D]people.（[C]onthedecline）SectionV:VerbsFormsFillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsoftheverbsgiveninthebrackets.PutyouranswerintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident________(appointed)forthiscollege.ANSWER:(should)beappointed46.IntheMiddleAges,inRome,VeniceandotherItaliancities,theredevelopedanintellectualmovement(call)humanism,whichwasthebasisoftheRenaissance.（called）47.Iflawandorder(be)notpreserved,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe.（is）48.Thecolonelwasdecoratedforbravery,(fight)offtheenemy.（havingfought）49.It’squiteobviousthatPaulwon’tsellhisbusinessnowthathe’sgotit(run)sowell.（running）50.(Notwish)todisturbhisbabysister,hetiptoedintotheroom.（Notwishing）51.Ihappened(talk)withhimwhenhewashitbyaballandcollapsed.（tobetalking）52.Theapplicants(interview)arerequiredtobringallthenecessarypapers.（tobeinterviewed）53.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened,otherwisehe(notmake)suchastupidremark.（wouldn’thavemade）54.Such(be)thecase,therearenogroundstojustifyyourcomplaints.（being）55.Thecarshowsnosignsof(repair);itlookslikeanewone.（havingbeenrepaired）SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslationTranslatethefollowingsentenceintoEnglish.(15points)56.恶劣的天气使他无法按时动身去北京。57.请先把事故的原因查清楚再向主任汇报。58.直到演出已经开始，他才匆匆赶到。59.经当地政府批准后，他们取消了原定的项目。-366- 60.他听到这意外消息，吃惊得连一句话也说不出来。SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20points)SeatedbehindthefrontdeskataNewYorkfirm,thereceptionistwasefficient.Stylishlydressed,thefirm’snewestemployeehadapleasanttelephonevoiceandanaturalcharmthatputclientsatease.Thecompanywaspleased:(61)Clearly,thiswasapersonwhotookconsiderableprideinpersonalappearance.DavidKing,thereceptionist,isunusual,butbynomeansunique.(62)Justasalltruckdriversandconstructionworkersarenolongernecessarilymen,allsecretariesandreceptionistsarenolongerautomaticallywomen.Thenumberofmeninwomen-dominatedfieldsisstillsmallandtheyhaven’tattractedtheattentionthathasoftenfollowedwomenadvancingintomale-dominatedfields,butmenaremovingintomoreandmorejobsthathavetraditionallybeenheldbywomen.Strictlyspeaking,thephenomenonisnotnew.Forthepastseveraldecades,menhavebeenquietlyenteringfieldssuchasnursing,socialworkandelementaryeducation.Buttodaynojobseemsoff-limits.Menservecoffeeinofficesandmealsonairplanes.(63)Thesechangesarehelpingtoinfluencesomeofthelong-standingtraditionsaboutthetypesofworkmenandwomencando--buttheyalsoproducesomeundeniableproblemsforthemenwhoareenteringthosefieldsformerlydominatedbywomen.Whatkindsofmenventureintotheseso-called“women’sfields”?Allkinds.(64)“Idon’tknowofanydefiniteanswersI’dbecomfortablewith,”explainsJosephPleck,Ph.D.,oftheWellesleyCollegeCentreforResearchonWomen.SamOrmont,forexample,athirty-year-oldnurseataBostonhospital,wentintonursingbecausethearmyhadtrainedhimasamedicalworker.(65)“Ifoundthatworkveryinteresting.”herecalled,“andwhenIgotoutoftheserviceitjustseemednaturalformetogointosomethingmedical.Iwasn’treallyinterestedinbecomingadoctor.”Thirty-five-year-oldDavidKing,anout-of-workactor,foundajobasareceptionistbecausehewashavingtroublelandingrolesinBroadwayplaysandheneededtopaytherent.(66)Inotherwords,menenter“female”jobsoutofthesameconsiderationforpersonalinterestandeconomicnecessitythatmotivatesanyonelookingforwork.Butsimilaritiesoftenendthere.Meninfemale-dominatedjobsareconspicuous.Asagroup,theirworkhistoriesdifferinmostrespectsfromthoseoftheirfemalecolleagues,andtheyarefrequentlytreateddifferentlybythepeoplewithwhomtheyareinprofessionalcontact.Thequestionnaturallyarises:Whyaretherestillapproximatelyninety-ninefemalesecretariesforeveryonemale?Thereisalsoamoreseriousissue.Mostmendon’twanttobereceptionists,nurses,secretariesorsewingworkers.Putsimply,thesearenotgenerallyconsideredverymasculinejobs.(67)Tochoosesuchalineofworkistoinviteridicule.“Therewaskiddinginthebeginning,”recallsOrmont.“KidscomingfromschoolaskwhatIam,andwhenIsay‘Anurse,’theylaughatme.Ijustsmileandsay,‘Youknow,therearefemaledoctors,too.’”-366- Still,thereareencouragingsigns.Yearsago,malegradeschoolteacherswereasrareasmalenurses.Todaymorethanoneelementaryschoolteacherinsixismale.(68)Canweanticipateadaywhensecretarieswillbeanevenmixofmenandwomen--orwhenthementionofamalenursewillnolongerraiseeyebrows?It’sprobablycoming--butnotverysoon.1988年参考答案I:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[C]2.[D]3.[B]4.[A]5.[C]6.[B]7.[C]8.[B]9.[A]10.[C]11.[A]12.[A]13.[D]14.[A]15.[C]II:ReadingComprehension(20points)16.[B]17.[A]18.[B]19.[C]20.[A]21.[A]22.[A]23.[B]24.[D]25.[C]III:ClozeTest(10points)26.[B]27.[A]28.[D]29.[C]30.[C]31.[D]32.[C]33.[B]34.[A]35.[D]IV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)36.[A]suchadifficult37.[D]wideopen38.[C]convincing39.[A]fewer40.[B]askedfor41.[B]keptto42.[A]carrying43.[B]it44.[B]hopingtoachieve45.[C]onthedeclineV:VerbForms(10points)46.called47.is48.havingfought49.running50.Notwishing51.tobetalking52.tobeinterviewed53.wouldn’thavemade54.being55.havingbeenrepairedVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)56.BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.57.Pleasemakesureofthecauseoftheaccidentandthenreporttothedirector.58.Hearrivedinahurryaftertheperformancehadalreadystarted.-366- 59.Withtheapprovalofthelocalgovernment,theycancelledtheoriginalproject.60.Uponhearingtheunexpectednews,hewassosurprisedthathecouldn’tutteraword.VII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)61.他显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。62.正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。63.这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题。64.我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。65.他回忆说：“我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的。”66.换句话说，男人干起了“女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑。67.选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的。68.我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊?1989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)EXAMPLE:Iwascaught________therainyesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with[D]atANSWER:[A]1.Modernmanfacesdangerscompletelyunknown________hispredecessors.[A]for-366- [B]to[C]of（B）[D]by2.Thechancesofseeingahelicopterinmyhometownareone________amillion.[A]for[B]to[C]in（C）[D]against3.________wehaveallthematerialsready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskatonce.[A]Sincethat[B]Sincenow[C]Bynow（D）[D]Nowthat4.Wehopethemeasurestocontrolprices,________takenbythegovernment,willsucceed.[A]when[B]as[C]since（B）[D]after5.Thehistoricaleventsofthatperiodarearranged________.[A]inalphabeticalorder[B]inanalphabeticalorder[C]inthealphabeticalorders（A）[D]inalphabeticalorders6.Insomemarketstheremaybeonlyoneseller.________iscalledamonopoly.[A]Situationasthis[B]Suchkindofsituation[C]Suchasituation（C）[D]Asituationofthis7.Heis________tospeakthetruth.[A]toomuchofacoward[B]toomuchacoward[C]somuchacoward（A）-366- [D]somuchofacoward8.Healwaysgives________tohiswife’sdemandsanddoeswhatevershetellshimto.[A]up[B]away[C]in（C）[D]out9.It’s________intheregulationsthatyoucantake20kilosofluggagewithyou.[A]laidupon[B]laidout[C]laidup（D）[D]laiddown10.Lookatallthecorruptionthat’sgoingon.It’stimethecitywas________.[A]cleanedout[B]cleaneddown[C]cleanedaway（D）[D]cleanedup11.Thoughhedidnotsaysodirectly,theinspector________themanwasguilty.[A]declared[B]implied[C]disclosed（B）[D]said12.ThePrimeMinisterrefusedto________ontherumourthathehadplannedtoresign.[A]explain[B]comment[C]remark（B）[D]talk13.Iaskedthetailortomakeasmall________tomytrousersbecausetheyweretoolong.[A]change[B]variation[C]revision（D）[D]alteration-366- 14.Magnificentviewsoverthecountrysidehaveoften________peopletowritepoems.[A]excited[B]inspired[C]induced（B）[D]attracted15.Thefoodwasdivided________accordingtotheageandsizeofthechildren.[A]equally[B]proportionately[C]sufficiently（B）[D]adequatelySectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Test1Ascientistoncesaid:“Ihaveconcludedthattheearthisbeingvisitedbyintelligentlycontrolledvehiclesfromouterspace.”IfwetakethisasareasonableexplanationforUFOs(unidentifiedflyingobjects),questionsimmediatelycomeup.“Whydon’ttheygetintouchwithus,then?Whydon’ttheylandrightontheWhiteHouselawnanddeclarethemselves?”peopleasked.Inreply,scientistssaythat,whilethismaybewhatwewant,itmaynotnecessarilybewhattheywant.“Themostlikelyexplanation,itseemstome,”saidDr.Mead,“isthattheyaresimplywatchingwhatweareupto--thatresponsiblesocietyoutsideoursolarsystemiskeepinganeyeonustoseethatwedon’tsetinmotionachainreactionthatmighthaveunexpectedeffectsforoutsideoursolarsystem.”Opinionsfromotherscientistsmightgolikethis:“Whyshouldtheywanttogetintouchwithus?Wemayfeelwe’remoreimportantthanwereallyare!Theymaywanttoobserveusonlyandnotinterferewiththedevelopmentofourcivilization.Theymaynotcareifweseethembuttheyalsomaynotcaretosay‘hello’.”SomescientistshavealsosuggestedthatEarthisakindofzooorwildlifereserve.Justaswesetasidewildernessareasandwildlifereservestoallowanimalsandgrowingthingstodevelopnaturallywhileweobservethem,soperhapsEarthwassetasideagesagoforthesamepurpose.Arewebeingobservedbyintelligentbeingsfromothercivilizationsintheuniverse?Aretheywatchingourprogressinspacetravel?Doweliveinagigantic“zoo”observedbyour“keepers,”buthavingnocommunicationwiththem?-366- Neverbeforeinourhistoryhavewehadtoconfrontideaslikethese.Thesimplefactisthatwe,whohavealwaysregardedourselvesassupremeintheuniverse,maynotbeso.Nowwehavetorecognizethat,amongthestarsintheheavens,theremayverywellbeworldsinhabitedbybeingswhoaretousaswearetoants.16.Peoplewhoaskthequestion“Whydon’ttheygetintouchwithus...anddeclarethemselves?”thinkthat________.[A]therearenosuchthingsasUFOs[B]UFOsarevisitorsfromsolarsystem[C]there’snoreasonforUFOssoonerorlater（A）[D]weareboundtoseeUFOssoonerorlater17.AccordingtoDr.Mead,theattitudeofbeingsfromouterspacetowardusisoneof________.[A]unfriendliness[B]suspicion[C]superiority（B）[D]hostility18.Thetoneofthewriteristhatof________.[A]doubt[B]warning[C]indifference（D）[D]criticismTest2Theuseofthemotorisbecomingmoreandmorewidespreadinthetwentiethcentury;asanincreasingnumberofcountriesdevelopbothtechnicallyandeconomically,soalargerproportionoftheworld’spopulationisabletobuyanduseacar.Possessingacargivesamuchgreaterdegreeofmobility,enablingthedrivertomovearoundfreely.Theownerofacarisnolongerforcedtorelyonpublictransportandis,therefore,notcompelledtoworklocally.Hecanchoosefromdifferentjobsandprobablychangeshisworkmorefrequentlyasheisnotrestrictedtoachoicewithinasmallradius.Travellingtoworkbycarisalsomorecomfortablethanhavingtousepublictransport;thedrivercanadjusttheheatinginwinterandtheairconditioninginthesummertosuithisownneedsandpreference.Thereisnoirritationcausedbywaitingfortrains,busesorundergroundtrains,standinginlongpatientqueues,orsittingonwindyplatforms,foraslongashalfanhoursometimes.Withthebuildingofgood,fastmotorwayslongdistancescanbecoveredrapidlyandpleasantly.Forthefirsttimeinthiscenturyalso,manypeoplearenowabletoenjoytheirleisuretimetothefullbymakingtripstothecountryorseasideattheweekends,insteadofbeingconfinedtotheirimmediateneighbourhood.Thisfeelingofindependence,andthefreedomtogowhereyouplease,isperhapsthegreatestadvantageofthecar.Whenconsideringthedrawbacks,perhapspollutionisofprimeimportance.Asmoreandmore-366- carsareproducedandused,sotheemissionfromtheirexhaust-pipescontainsaneverlargervolumeofpoisonousgas.Someofthecontentsofthisgas,suchaslead,notonlypollutetheatmospherebutcauseactualharmtothehealthofpeople.Manyoftheminorillnessesofmodernindustrialsociety,headaches,tiredness,andstomachupsetsarethoughttoarisefrombreathingpollutedair;doctors’surgeriesarefullofpeoplesufferingfromillnessescausedbypollution.Itisalsobecomingincreasinglydifficulttodealwiththeproblemoftrafficintowns;mostoftheimportantcitiesoftheworldsufferfromtrafficcongestion.Infactanyadvantagegainedincomfortisoftencancelledoutincitydrivingbythefrustrationcausedbytrafficjams:endlessqueuesofcarscrawlingoneafteranotherthroughallthemainstreets.Asanincreasingnumberoftrafficregulationschemesaredevised,thepoorbewildereddriverfindshimselfdivertedandforcedintoone-waysystemswhichcauseevengreaterdelaysthanthetrafficjamstheyaresupposedtoprevent.Themountingcostofpetrolandtheincreasedlicensefeesandroadtaxalladdtothedriver’sworries.Infact,hemustsometimeswonderifthemotorcarissuchablessingandnotjustamenace.19.Moreandmorepeoplecanaffordtobuyandusecarsbecause________.[A]anincreasingnumberofcarsarebeingproduced[B]thecostofcarsisgettingcheaperwiththedevelopmentoftechnology[C]lotsofcountrieshavebecomemoredeveloped（C）[D]theuseofcarshasprovedtobemoreeconomical20.Theadvantagesofhavingacararebestexperiencedinthedriver’s________.[A]freedominchoosinghisjob[B]comfortduringthetravels[C]enjoymentofhisleisuretime（D）[D]feelingofself-reliance21.Whatisconsideredbythewriterasthegreatestmenacetothepeoplecausedbythewidespreaduseofmotorcars?[A]airpollution[B]trafficjams[C]fataldiseases（A）[D]highcostTest3MannersnowadaysinmetropolitancitieslikeLondonarepracticallynon-existent.Itisnothingforabig,strongschoolboytoelbowanelderlywomanasideinthedashforthelastremainingseatonthetubeorbus,muchlessstandupandofferhisseattoher,asheought.Infact,itissaddeningtonotethatifamandoesofferhisseattoanolderwoman,itisnearlyalwaysaContinentalmanoronefromtheoldergeneration.Thisquestionofgivingupseatsinpublictransportismucharguedaboutbyyoungmen,whosaythat,sincewomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerdeservetobetreatedwithcourtesyand-366- thatthosewhogoouttoworkshouldtaketheirturnintheratracelikeanyoneelse.Womenhaveneverclaimedtobephysicallyasstrongasmen.Evenifitisnotagreed,however,thatyoungmenshouldstandupforyoungerwomen,thefactremainsthatcourtesyshouldbeshowntotheold,thesickandtheburdened.Arewereallysolosttoallidealsofunselfishnessthatwecansitthereindifferentlyreadingthepaperorabook,sayingtoourselves“Firstcome,firstserved,”whileagrey-hairedwoman,amotherwithayoungchildoracripplestands?Yetthisisalltoooftenseen.Conditionsintravelarereallyveryhardoneveryone,weknow,buthardshipissurelynoexcuse.Sometimesonewonderswhatwouldhavebeenthebehaviourofthesestoutyoungmeninapackedrefugeetrainoratrainonitswaytoaprison-campduringtheWar.Wouldtheyhaveconsidereditonlyrightandtheirproperduetokeepthebestplacesforthemselvesthen?Olderpeople,tiredandirritablefromaday’swork,arenotangels,either--farfromit.Manyabriskargumentoraninsultingquarrelbreaksoutasthewearyqueuespushandshoveeachothertogetonbusesandtubes.Onecannotcommendthis,ofcourse,butonedoesfeelthereisjustalittlemoreexcuse.Ifcitiesaretoremainpleasantplacestoliveinatall,however,itseemsimperative,notonlythatcommunicationsintransportshouldbeimproved,butalsothatcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingsshouldbekeptsmoothandpolite.Allovercities,itseemsthatpeoplearetootiredandtoorushedtobepolite.Shopassistantswon’tbothertoassist,taxidriversgrowlateachotherastheydashdangerouslyroundcorners,busconductorpullthebellbeforetheirdesperatepassengershavehadtimetogetonoroffthebus,andsoonandsoon.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungandstrongtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchdeterioration.22.Fromwhatyouhaveread,wouldyouexpectmannerstoimproveamongpeople________?[A]whoarephysicallyweakorcrippled[B]whooncelivedinaprison-campduringtheWar[C]wholiveinbigmoderncities（C）[D]wholiveonlyinmetropolitancities23.Whatisthewriter’sopinionconcerningcourteousmannerstowardswomen?[A]Nowthatwomenhaveclaimedequality,theynolongerneedtobetreateddifferentlyfrommen.[B]Itisgenerallyconsideredold-fashionedforyoungmentogiveuptheirseatstoyoungwomen.[C]“LadyFirst”shouldbeuniversallypracticed.（D）[D]Specialconsiderationoughttobeshownthem.24.Accordingtotheauthorcommunicationbetweenhumanbeingswouldbesmootherif________.[A]peopleweremoreconsideratetowardseachother[B]peoplewerenotsotiredandirritable[C]womenweretreatedwithmorecourtesy（A）-366- [D]publictransportcouldbeimproved25.Whatisthepossiblemeaningoftheword“deterioration”inthelastparagraph?[A]worseningofgeneralsituation[B]loweringofmoralstandards[C]decliningofphysicalconstitution（B）[D]spreadingofevilconductSectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)Onedaydroughtmaybeathingofthepastatleastincoastalcities.Vastareasofdesertthroughouttheworldmayforthefirsttime__26__andprovidemillionsofhectaresoflandwherenownothinggrows.Bytheendofthiscenturythismaynotbemere__27__.ScientistsarealreadylookingintothepossibilityofusingsomeoftheavailableiceintheArcticandAntarctic.Intheseregionstherearevastice-capsformedbysnowthathasfallenoverthepast50,000years.Layer__28__layerofdeepsnowmeansthat,whenmelted,thesnowwaterwouldbepure,notsaltyassea-icewouldbe.Thereissomuch__29__purewaterherethatitwouldneedonlyafractionofittoturnmuchofthedesertorpoorlyirrigatedpartsoftheworldintorichfarmland.Andwhatusefulpackagesitwouldcomein!Itshouldbepossibletocutoffabitoficeandtransportit!Alternativelyperhapsapassingicebergcouldbe__30__.Theyarealwaysbreakingawayfromthemaincapsandfloatingaround,pushedbycurrents,untiltheyeventuallymeltandarewasted.Manyicebergsare,ofcourse,fartoosmalltobetowed__31__distance,andwouldmeltbeforetheyreachedacountrythatneededthemanywhere.Itwouldbenecessarytolocateonethatwas__32__andthatwasbigenoughtoprovideagoodsupplyoficewhenitreachedus.Engineersthinkthataniceberguptosevenmileslongandoneandahalfmileswidecouldbetransportedifthetugpullingitwasasbigasasupertanker!Eventhentheywouldcoveronlytwentymileseveryday.However,__33__theicebergwasatitsdestination,morethat7,000millioncubicmetresofwatercouldbetakenfromit!Thatwouldprobablybemorethanenoughforanymedium-sizedcityeveninthehottestsummer!Butnodoubtausecouldbefoundforit.__34__,scientistsay,therewouldnotbetoomuchwastageinsuchajourney.Thelargertheiceberg,thesloweritmelts,evenifitistowedthroughthetropics.Thisisbecausewhenthesunhasabiggerareatowarm__35__,lessheatactuallygetsintotheiceberg.Thevastfrozencentrewouldbeunaffected.26.[A]cometolife[B]comeintoexistence[C]comeintoactivity（A）[D]comeround-366- 27.[A]speculation[B]imagination[C]computation（A）[D]expectation28.[A]above[B]of[C]upon（C）[D]over29.[A]essential[B]potential[C]claimable（B）[D]obtainable30.[A]seized[B]snatched[C]grabbed（D）[D]captured31.[A]much[B]any[C]some（B）[D]certain32.[A]manageable[B]manipulative[C]operable（A）[D]controllable33.[A]after[B]while[C]since（D）[D]once34.[A]Apparently[B]Noticeably[C]Distinctly（A）-366- [D]Notably35.[A]round[B]over[C]up（C）[D]throughSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Youhavetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecause[A]there’s[B]hardlysomething[C]left.[D]ANSWER:[C]anything36.No[A]bankkeepsenough[B]cashpaying[C]allitsdepositorsinfull[D]atonetime.（[C]topay）37.Magazines[A]providethe[B]greatvarietyofadvertisements[C]andentertainmentaswellas[D]information.（[B]a）38.Ifitdoesn’t[A]rainwithin[B]thenextfewweeks,thecrops[C]willhavetobewaterediftheyaretobesurvived.[D]（[D]tosurvive）39.Thisisthemostimportantrespectwhich[A]civilizedman[B]canbedistinguishedfrom[C]primitivecommunities.[D]（[A]inwhich）40.As[A]abad-temperedman,hewouldnottolerate[B]havinghislecturesinterruptedasif[C]heweresomeobscurecandidatemaking[D]anelectionspeech.（[A]Being）41.Ifyouwere[A]awardedaprizeoftenthousanddollars,whatwouldyoudowith[B]itifyouhad[C]tospend[D]inaday?（[D]tospendit）42.Theboyisconstantlybeingtold[A]nottoscratchthepaintoff[B]theall,buthegoesontodo[C]itallthesame.[D]（[C]doing）43.Theparcelyoupostmustbewellpacked[A].Inadequatepackingcanmean[B]delay,damageor[C]lossatyourexpenses.[D]（[D]expense）44.Theradiowasofso[A]inferiorqualitythat[B]Itookitback[C]andaskedforabetterone.[D]（[A]such）-366- 45.IcanlistentoBrucknerfor[A]hourswithoutgettingbored,butifyouhaven’theard[B]muchofhismusicbefore,youmayfind[C]ittakessomegettingused.[D]（[D]gettingusedto）SectionV:VerbFormsFillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsoftheverbsgiventhebrackets.PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident________(appointed)forthiscollege.ANSWER:(should)beappointed46.Byronissaid(live)onvinegarandpotatoes.（tohavelived）47.You(leave)anote.Itwasveryinconsiderateofyoutodoso.（shouldhaveleft）48.Ifthehorsewontoday,he(win)thirtyracesinfiveyears.（would/shouldhavewon）49.Uponbeingquestionedhedenied(write)thearticle.（havingwritten）50.IwassosicklastnightthatIfeltasiftheroom(go)round.（were/wasgoing）51.Nowadayspeopleusuallypreferdrivingto(drive).（beingdriven）52.Ihopeherhealth(improve)greatlybythetimewecomebacknextyear.（willhaveimproved）53.WhilewewereinLondonthatyear,theLondonBridge(repair).（wasbeingrepaired）54.Lotsofemptybottleswerefoundundertheoldman’sbed.Hemusthavedonenothingbut(drink).（drink）55.Fordtrieddividingthelabour,eachworker(assign)aseparatetask.（assigned）SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(15points)56.请乘客们系好安全带，以防碰伤。57.除非安装一条新的装配线，否则提高产量是没有指望的。58.有人提出，暑假期间安排一次到海南岛的考察旅行。59.为了把课文中的难点解释清楚，他举了许多例子。-366- 60.护士们通常毕生致力于照顾病人。SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslationReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatethesentencesinheavytypeintoChinese.(20points)WhenJaneMathesonstartedworkatAdvancedElectronicsInc.12yearsago,(61)shelabouredoveramicroscope,hand-weldingtinyelectroniccomputersandturnedout18perhour.Nowshetendsthecomputerizedmachinerythatturnsouthighcapacitymemorychipsattherateof2,600perhour.Productionisup,profitsareup,herincomeisupandMrs.Mathesonsaystheworkisfarlessstrainonhereyes.ButthemostsignificanteffectofthechangesatAEIwasfeltbytheworkerswhoarenolongerthere.Beforethenewcomputerizedequipmentwasintroduced,therewere940workersattheplant.Nowthereare121.(62)Aplantfollow-upsurveyshowedthatoneyearafterthelayoffsonly38%ofthereleasedworkersfoundnewemploymentatthesameorbetterwages.Nearlyhalffinallysettledforlowerpayandmorethan13%arestilloutofwork.TheAEIexampleisonlyoneofhundredsaroundthecountrywhichforgeintelligentlyaheadintothelatesttechnology,butleavethemajorityoftheirworkersbehind.(63)Itsbeginningsobscuredbyunemploymentcausedbytheworldeconomicslow-down,thenewtechnologicalunemploymentmayemergeasthegreatsocio-economicchallengeoftheendofthe20thcentury.Onecorporationeconomistsaysthegrowthof“machinejobreplacement”hasbeenwithussincethebeginningoftheindustrialrevolution,butneveratthepaceitisnow.Thehumancostswillbeastonishing.(64)“It’shumiliatingtobedoneoutofyourjobbyamachineandthereisnowaytofightback,butitistheefforttofindanewjobthatreallyhurts.”Someworkers,likeJaneMatheson,areretrainedtohandlethenewequipment,butoftenawholenewsetofskillsisrequiredandthatmeansanew,andinvariablysmallersetofworkers.(65)Theoldworkers,trappedbytheirlimitedskills,oftenneverregaintheiroldstatusandemployment.Manydriftintomarginalareas.Theyfeelnoprideintheirnewwork.Theygetbadlypaidforitandtheyfeelmiserable,butstilltheyareluckierthanthosewhoneverfindit.(66)Thesocialcostsgofarbeyondthewelfareandunemploymentpaymentsmadebythegovernment.Unemploymentincreasesthechancesofdivorce,childabuse,andalcoholism,anewfederalsurveyshows.Someexpertssaytheproblemisonlytemporary...thatnewtechnologywilleventuallycreateasmanyjobsasitdestroys.(67)ButfuturologistHymenSeymoursaystheastonishingefficiencyofthenewtechnologymeanstherewillbeasimpleanddirectnetreductionintheamountofhumanlaborthatneedstobedone.“Weshouldtreatthisasanopportunitytogivepeoplemoreleisure.Itmaynotbeeasy,butsocietywillhavetoreachanewunanimityonthedivisionanddistributionoflabor,”Seymoursays.Hepredictsmostpeoplewillworkonlysix-hourdaysandfour-dayweeksbytheendofthecentury.Buttheconcernoftheunemployedisfornow.(68)Federallyfundedtrainingandfreeback-to-schoolprogramsforlaid-offworkersareunderway,butfewexpertsbelievetheywillbeabletokeepupwiththepaceofthenewtechnology.Forthenextfewyears,forasubstantialportionoftheworkforce,timesaregoingtobeverytoughindeed.1989年参考答案-366- I:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[B]2.[C]3.[D]4.[B]5.[A]6.[C]7.[A]8.[C]9.[D]10.[D]11.[B]12.[B]13.[D]14.[B]15.[B]II:ReadingComprehension(20points)16.[A]17.[B]18.[D]19.[C]20.[D]21.[A]22.[C]23.[D]24.[A]25.[B]III:ClozeTest(10points)26.[A]27.[A]28.[C]29.[B]30.[D]31.[B]32.[A]33.[D]34.[A]35.[C]IV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)36.[C]topay37.[B]a38.[D]tosurvive39.[A]inwhich40.[A]Being41.[D]tospendit42.[C]doing43.[D]expense44.[A]such45.[D]gettingusedtoV:VerbForms(10points)46.tohavelived47.shouldhaveleft48.would/shouldhavewon49.havingwritten50.were/wasgoing51.beingdriven52.willhaveimproved53.wasbeingrepaired54.drink55.assignedVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)56.Alltravellersareadvisedtofastentheirsafety-beltstoavoidbeingbumped.57.Noincreaseinoutputcanbeexpectedunlessanewassemblylineisinstalled.58.ItissuggestedthatanexplorationtourtotheHainanIsland(should)bearrangedduringthesummervacation.59.Hegavelotsofexamplesinordertogetthedifficultpointsinthetextfullyexplained.60.Nursesoftendevotetheirwholelivestotendingthesick.VII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)61.她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。-366- 62.一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作。63.它（新技术的采用导致失业上升）一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。64.被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。65.老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。66.要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。67.未来学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。68.为失业工人提供的由联邦政府帮助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachquestion,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)EXAMPLE:Iwascaught________therainyesterday.[A]in[B]by[C]with[D]atANSWER:[A]1.Thosetwofamilieshavebeenquarrelling________eachotherformanyyears.[A]to[B]between[C]against（D）[D]with2.Therearemanythingswhosemisuseisdangerous,buritishardtothinkofanythingthatcanbecompared________tobaccoproducts.[A]in-366- [B]with[C]among（B）[D]by3.“Howoftenhaveyouseencaseslikethis?”onesurgeonaskedanother.“Oh,________times,Iguess,”wasthereply.[A]hundredof[B]hundreds[C]hundredsof（C）[D]hundred4.Givemeyourtelephonenumber________Ineedyourhelp.[A]whether[B]unless[C]sothat（D）[D]incase5.Yousangwelllastnight.Wehopeyou’llsing________.[A]morebetter[B]stillbetter[C]nicely（B）[D]best6.Thosepeople________ageneralunderstandingofthepresentsituation.[A]lackof[B]arelackingof[C]lack（C）[D]areinlack7.Aloneinadeserthouse,hewassobusywithhisresearchworkthathefelt________lonely.[A]nothingbut[B]anythingbut[C]allbut（B）[D]everythingbut8.Grace________tearswhensheheardthesadnews.[A]brokein[B]brokeinto-366- [C]brokeoff（B）[D]brokethrough9.Sherefusedto________thecarkeystoherhusbanduntilhehadpromisedtowearhissafetybelt.[A]handin[B]handout[C]handdown（D）[D]down10.MichaelfounditdifficulttogethisBritishjokes________toAmericanaudiences.[A]around[B]over[C]across（C）[D]down11.Thebookcontainedalarge________ofinformation.[A]deal[B]amount[C]number（B）[D]sum12.Nowadaysadvertisingcostsarenolongerinreasonable________tothetotalcostoftheproduct.[A]proportion[B]correlation[C]connection（A）[D]correspondence13.Whenshesawthecloudsshewentbacktothehouseto________herumbrella.[A]carry[B]fetch[C]bring（B）[D]reach14.Wemust________thattheexperimentiscontrolledasrigidlyaspossible.[A]assure[B]secure-366- [C]ensure（C）[D]issue15.Hewasknockeddownbyacarandbadly________.[A]injured[B]damaged[C]harmed（A）[D]ruinedSectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Text1InMay1989,spaceshuttle“Atlantis”releasedinouterspacethespaceprobe“Megallan,”whichisnowonher15-monthandone-billion-kilometerflighttoVenus.Anewphaseinspaceexplorationhasbegun.TheplanetVenusisonlyslightlysmallerthanEarth;itistheonlyotherobjectinthesolarsystem,infact,thatevencomesclosetoearth’ssize.Venushasasimilardensity,soitisprobablymadeofapproximatelythesamestuff,andithasanatmosphere,completewithclouds.Itisalsotheclosestplanettoearth,andthusthemostsimilarindistancefromthesun.Inshort,Venusseemstojustifyitslong-heldnicknameof“earth’stwin.”ThesurfacetemperatureofVenusreachessome900F.Addedtothatisanatmosphericpressureabout90timesEarth’s:Highoverheadinthecarbondioxide(CO2)thatpassesforairisalayerofclouds,perhaps10to20milesthick,whoselittledropsconsistmostlyofsulfuricacid(H2SO4).Waterisallbutnonexistent.Bornwithsomanyfundamentalsimilaritiestoearth,howdidVenusgettobesoradicallydifferent:Itisnotjustanacademicmatter.Forallitsextremes,Venusisavaluablelaboratoryforresearchersstudyingtheweatherandclimateofearth.Ithasnoearth’soceans,sotheheattransportandothermechanismsaregreatlysimplified.Inaddition,theplanetVenustakes243earth-daystoturnonceonitsaxis,soincomingheatfromthesunisaddedanddistributedatamoreleisurely,observablepace.16.VenusissimilartoEarthin________.[A]sizeanddensity[B]distancefromthesun[C]havingatmosphere（D）[D]alloftheabove-366- 17.ThegreatestvalueinstudyingVenusshouldbeto________.[A]allowustovisitthere[B]understandEarthbetter[C]findanewsourceofenergy（B）[D]promoteanewspaceprogram18.Themainideaofthispassageisabout________.[A]problemsofspacetravel[B]scientificmethodsinspaceexploration[C]theimportanceofVenustoEarth（C）[D]conditionsonVenusText2TouristsweresurprisedtoseeawomandrivingahugeorangetractordownoneofRome’smainavenues.Italy’spoliticalleadersandsomeofitsmaleunionchiefsaresaidtohavebeenevenmorepuzzledtoseethatthetractorwasfollowedbyabout200,000womeninaparadingprocessionthattookmorethanthreehourstosnakethroughcentralRome.Shoutingslogans,wavingflagsanddancingtodrumbeats,thewomenhadcometothecapitalfromalloverItalytodemonstratefor“ajobforeachofus,adifferenttypeofjob,andasocietywithoutviolence.”Sofar,actiontoimprovewomen’sopportunitiesinemploymenthasbeentheprovinceofcollectiveindustrialbargaining.“Butthereisagrowingawarenessthatthisisnotenough,”saysaresearcheronfemalelaboratthegovernment-fundedInstitutefortheDevelopmentofProfessionalTrainingforWorkers.Women,whoconstitute52percentofItaly’spopulation,todayrepresentonly35percentofItaly’stotalworkforceand33percentofthetotalnumberofItalianswithjobs.However,theirpresenceintheworkplaceisgrowing.Theemploymentofwomenisexpandingconsiderablyinservices,nexttothepublicadministrationandcommerceastheirprincipalworkplace.Officialstatisticsalsoshowthatwomenhavealsomadesignificantstridesinself-employment.Moreandmorewomenaregoingintobusinessforthemselves.Manyyoungwomenareturningtobusinessbecauseofthegrowingoverallinemployment.Itisalsoafactthattodaymanyprejudiceshavedisappeared,sothatbanksandotherfinancialinstitutesmakejudgmentsonpurelybusinessconsiderationswithoutcaringifitisamanorawoman.Suchchangesareoccurringintheprofessionstoo.Thenumberofwomendoctors,dentists,lawyers,engineersanduniversityprofessorsincreasedtwotothreefold.Someofthechangesareimmediatelyvisible.Forexample,womenhaveappearedonthesceneforthefirsttimeasstatepolice,railwayworkersandstreetcleaner.However,thepresentsituationisfarfromsatisfactorythoughsomeprogresshasbeenmade.Abreakthroughinequalopportunitiesforwomenisnowdemanded.19.Theexpression“snakethroughcentralRome”probablymeans“tomove________[A]quietlythroughcentralRome.”-366- [B]violentlythroughcentralRome.”[C]inalongwindinglinethroughcentralRome.”（C）[D]ataleisurelypacethroughcentralRome.”20.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?[A]TherearemorewomenthanmeninItaly.[B]InItaly,womenarechieflyemployedinservices.[C]InItaly,womenarestillatadisadvantageinemployment.（B）[D]InItaly,abouttwo-thirdsofthejobsareheldbymen.21.About200,000womeninRomedemonstratedfor________.[A]morejobopportunities[B]agreatervarietyofjobs[C]“equaljob,equalpay”（D）[D]bothAandB22.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe________.[A]TheRoleofWomenisSociety[B]WomenDemonstrateforEqualityinEmployment[C]WomenasSelf-employedProfessionals（B）[D]WomenandtheJobsMarketText3Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears,and,therefore,aresubjectedtofailureandatworst,mentalillnessisunfounded.Asamatteroffact,theoutstandingthingthathappenstobrightkidsisthattheyareverylikelytogrowintobrightadults.Tofindthisout,l,500giftedpersonswerefolloweduptotheirthirty-fifthyearwiththeseresults:Onadultintelligencetests,theyscoredashighastheyhadaschildren.Theywere,asagroup,ingoodhealth,physicallyandmentally.84percentoftheirgroupweremarriedandseemedcontentwiththeirlives.About70percenthadgraduatedfromcollege,thoughonly30percenthadgraduatedwithhonors.Afewhadevendroppedout,butnearlyhalfofthesehadreturnedtograduate.Ofthemen,80percentwereinoneoftheprofessionsorinbusinessmanagementorsemiprofessionaljobs.Thewomenwhohadremainedsinglehadoffice,business,orprofessionaloccupations.Thegrouphadpublished90booksand1,500articlesinscientific,scholarly,andliterarymagazinesandhadcollectedmorethan100patents.Inamaterialwaytheydidnotdobadlyeither.Averageincomewasconsiderablyhigheramongthegiftedpeople,especiallythemen,thanforthecountryasawhole,despitetheircomparative-366- youth.Infact,farfrombeingstrange,mostofthegiftedwereturningtheirearlypromiseintopracticalreality.23.Theoldideathattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyearsis________.[A]trueinallsenses[B]refutedbytheauthor[C]medicallyproven（B）[D]abeliefoftheauthor24.Thesurveyofbrightchildrenwasmadeto________.[A]findoutwhathadhappenedtotalentedchildrenwhentheybecameadults[B]provethattalentedchildren“burnthemselvesout”intheearlyyears[C]discoverthepercentageofthosementallyillamongthegifted（A）[D]provethattalentedchildrenneverburnthemselvesout25.Intelligencetestsshowedthat________.[A]brightchildrenwereunlikelytobementallyhealthy[B]betweenchildhoodandadulthoodtherewasaconsiderablelossofintelligence[C]talentedchildrenweremostlikelytobecomegiftedadults（C）[D]whentalentedchildrengrewintoadults,theymadelowscoresSectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D],choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Readthewholepassagebeforemakingyourchoice.(10points)Nooneknowsforsurewhattheworldwouldbelikeintheyear2001.Manybookshavebeenwritten__26__thefuture.Butthe19th-centuryFrenchnovelistJulesVernemaybecalledafuturologistinthefullest__27__oftheword.Inhisfantasticnovels“ATriptotheMoon”and“80DaysAroundtheWorld,”hedescribedwithdetailtheaeroplaneandeventhehelicopter.Thesenovelsstillhaveagreatattraction__28__youngreadersoftodaybecauseoftheirboldimaginationandscientificaccuracy.Belowisadescriptionofwhatourlifewillbeintheyear2001aspredictedbya__29__writer.In2001,inthehome,cookerswillbesetsothatyoucancookacompletemealatthetouchofaswitch.Televisionwillprovideinformationonpricesatthe__30__shopsaswellasnewsandentertainment.Videophoneswillbringpicturesaswellas__31__totelephoneconversations.Machineswillcontroltemperature,lighting,entertainment,securityalarms,laundryandgardening.-366- Lightingwillprovidedecorationaswellaswallpaper.Atwork,robotswilltake__32__mostjobsinthemanufacturingindustries.Workinghourswillfalltounder30hoursaweek.Holidayswillgetlonger;sixweekswillbethenormalannualholiday.Menandwomenwillretireatthesameage.Ourleisurewillbedifferenttoo.Thehomewillbecomethecenterofentertainmentthroughtelevisionandelectronicgames.Morepeoplewilleatoutinrestaurants__33__theydotoday;alsotheywillhaveamuchwidervarietyoffoodavailable.Therewillbeachangeoftastetowardsamoresavoury-flavoredmenu.Newsyntheticfoodswillforma__34__partofpeople’sdiets.Foreigntravelwill__35__;winterholidayswillbecomemorepopularthansummerones.Alsonon-stopflightsfromBritaintoAustraliaandNewZealandwillbeeasilyavailableandmuchcheaper.Educationwillbecomeincreasinglymoreimportantthaneverbefore.26.[A]in[B]of[C]about（C）[D]for27.[A]sense[B]meaning[C]detail（A）[D]implication28.[A]for[B]of[C]on（A）[D]towards29.[A]today[B]nowadays[C]present-day（C）[D]present30.[A]near[B]nearby[C]nearly（B）[D]nearer31.[A]noise[B]sound-366- [C]tone（B）[D]tune32.[A]to[B]away[C]off（D）[D]over33.[A]than[B]as[C]when（A）[D]while34.[A]usual[B]popular[C]daily（D）[D]regular35.[A]add[B]increase[C]raise（B）[D]ariseSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofsentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Youhavetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingbecause[A]there’s[B]hardlysomething[C]left.[D]ANSWER:[C]anything36.Alicewashaving[A]troubletocontrol[B]thechildrenbecausetherewere[C]somany[D]ofthem.（[B]controlling）37.Wewereverymuchsurprised[A]thatthe[B]villagewassuch[C]longwayfrom[D]theroad.（[C]sucha）38.John’schanceofbeingelected[A]chairman[B]ofthecommitteeisfar[C]greaterthanDick[D].（[D]Dick’s）-366- 39.“Wehavewon[A]a[B]greatvictoryon[C]ourenemy[D],”thecaptainsaid.（[C]over）40.Therearemanyvaluableservices[A]whichthepublicarewillingtopayfor[B],butwhichdoesnotbring[C]areturninmoney[D]tothecommunity.（[C]donotbring）41.ThelawIamreferring[A]requirethateveryone[B]whoowns[C]acarhave[D]accidentinsurance.（[A]referringto）42.“Iconsideredit[A]ahonor[B]tobeinvitedtoaddress[C]themeetingofworld-famous[D]scientists,”saidProfessorLeacock.（[B]anhonor）43.Hewasseeing[A]somebodycreeping[B]intothehousethrough[C]theopen[D]windowlastnight.（[A]saw）44.Thereasonfor[A]allthe[B]changesbeingmade[C]hasnotexplained[D]tousyet.（[D]hasnotbeenexplained）45.Eventhough[A]thechildrenpretendedasleep[B],thenurseswerenotdeceived[C]when[D]theycameintotheroom.（[B]tobeasleep）SectionV:VerbFormsFillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsoftheverbsgiveninthebrackets.PutyouranswersintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Itishighlydesirablethatanewpresident________(appointed)forthiscollege.ANSWER:(should)beappointed46.Buyingclothes________(be)verytime-consumingasyourarelyfindthingsthatfityounicely.（is）47.Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatourrepresentative________(send)totheconferenceonschedule.（(should)besent）48.Imustcallyourattentiontothedirections.Readthemcarefullyandactas________(instruct).（instructed）49.Emmasaidinherletterthatshewouldappreciate________(hear)fromyousoon.（hearing）50.I________(call)tomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.（shouldhavecalled）51.IfGreghadtriedhardertoreachtheoppositeshore,we________(nothave)topickhimupintheboat.（wouldnothavehad）52.Aftertwentyyearsabroad,Williamcamebackonly________(find)hishometownseverelydamagedinanearthquake.（tofind）-366- 53.Thelecture________(begin),helefthisseatsoquietlythatnoonecomplainedthathisleavingdisturbedthespeaker.（havingbegun）54.Thechildrenweresurprisedwhentheteacherhadthem________(close)theirbooksunexpectedly.（close）55.Anewroadwillbebuilthere,andthereforeanumberofexistinghouses________(havetodestroy).（willhavetobedestroyed）SectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslationTranslatethefollowingintoEnglish(15points)56.你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。57.尽管这个实验复杂，他们决心按时把它完成。58.一切迹象表明这个人对这里发生的情况毫无所知。59.只有那些不怕困难的人，才有可能在工作中取得卓越的成果。60.这篇作品与其说是短篇小说，不如说更像是新闻报导。SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslationTranslatethefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatethesentencesunderlinedintoChinese.(20points)Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperativeandanotheriscompetitive.Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.(61)Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtonthematterhavedeveloped.Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromeachother.Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“naturevs.nurture.”(62)Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalfactors.(63)Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristicsandbehavioriscentraltothistheory.Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispre-determinedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.Thosewhosupportthe“nurture”theory,thatis,theyadvocateeducation,areoftencalledbehaviorists.Theyclaimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.(64)Thebehavioristsmaintainthat,like-366- machines,humansrespondtoenvironmentalstimuliasthebasisoftheirbehavior.Letusexaminethedifferentexplanationsaboutonehumancharacteristic,intelligence,offeredbythetwotheories.(65)Supportersofthe“nature”theoryinsistthatwearebornwithacertaincapacityforlearningthatisbiologicallydetermined.Needlesstosay:Theydon’tbelievethatfactorsintheenvironmenthavemuchinfluenceonwhatisbasicallyapredeterminedcharacteristic.Ontheotherhand,behavioristsarguethatourintelligencelevelsaretheproductofourexperiences.(66)Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.Thesocialandpoliticalimplicationsofthesetwotheoriesareprofound.(67)IntheUnitedStates,blacksoftenscorebelowwhitesonstandardizedintelligencetests.Thisleadssome“nature”proponentstoconcludethatblacksarebiologicallyinferiortowhites.(68)Behaviorists,incontrast,saythatdifferencesinscoresareduetothefactthatblacksareoftendeprivedofmanyoftheeducationalandotherenvironmentaladvantagesthatwhitesenjoy.Mostpeoplethinkneitherofthesetheoriescanyetfullyexplainhumanbehavior.1990年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[D]2.[B]3.[C]4.[D]5.[B]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.[D]10.[C]11.[B]12.[A]13.[B]14.[C]15.[A]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(20points)16.[D]17.[B]18.[C]19.[C]20.[B]21.[D]22.[B]23.[B]24.[A]25.[C]SectionIII:ClozeTest(10points)26.[C]27.[A]28.[A]29.[C]30.[B]31.[B]32.[D]33.[A]34.[D]35.[B]SectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)36.[B]controlling37.[C]sucha38.[D]Dick’s39.[C]over40.[C]donotbring41.[A]referringto42.[B]anhonor43.[A]saw44.[D]hasnotbeenexplained45.[B]tobeasleepSectionV:VerbForms(10points)46.is47.(should)besent48.instructed49.hearing50.shouldhavecalled51.wouldnothavehad-366- 52.tofind53.havingbegun54.close55.willhavetobedestroyedSectionVI:Chinese-EnglishTranslation(15points)56.Youshouldcheckalldatathecarefullysoastoavoidseriousmistakes.57.Althoughtheexperimentiscomplicated,theyaredeterminedtofinishitontime.58.Allsignsshowedthatthemanknewnothingofwhathadhappenedhere.59.Onlythosewhoarenotafraidofanydifficultieshavethechanceofachievingoutstandingresultsintheirwork.60.Thispieceofwritingismorelikeanewsreportthanashortstory.SectionVII:English-ChineseTranslation(20points)61.他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。62.在这场争论中，赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。63.这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。64.行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。65.支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。66.行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。67.在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。68.相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachsentence,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET(15points)-366- 1.Theylosttheirwayintheforest,and________mademattersworsewasthatnightbegantofall.[A]that[B]it[C]what（C）[D]which2.________myreturn,IlearnedthatProfessorSmithhadbeenattheMuseumandwouldnotbebackforseveralhours.[A]At[B]On[C]With（B）[D]During3.Anyonewhohasspenttimewithchildrenisawareofthedifferenceinthewayboysandgirlsrespondto________situations.[A]similar[B]alike[C]same（A）[D]likely4.Thereisnotmuchtimeleft;soI’lltellyouaboutit________.[A]indetail[B]inbrief[C]inshort（B）[D]inall5.Inthisfactory,suggestionsoftenhavetowaitformonthsbeforetheyarefully________.[A]admitted[B]acknowledged[C]absorbed（D）[D]considered6.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,________asuddenloudnoise.[A]beingthere[B]shouldtherebe[C]therewas（B）[D]therehavingbeen-366- 7.Bytheyear2000,scientistsprobably________acureforcancer.[A]willbediscovering[B]arediscovering[C]willhavediscovered（C）[D]havediscovered8.Jimisn’t________,buthedidbadlyinthefinalexamslastsemester.[A]gloomy[B]dull[C]awkward（B）[D]tedious9.Theboyslippedoutoftheroomandheadedfortheswimmingpoolwithouthisparents’________.[A]command[B]conviction[C]consent（C）[D]compromise10.Hehad________onthesubject.[A]aratherstrongopinion[B]ratherstrongopinion[C]ratherthestrongopinion（A）[D]theratherstrongopinion11.WhenJanefelloffthebike,theotherchildren________.[A]werenotabletohelplaughter[B]couldnothelpbutlaughing[C]couldnothelplaughing（C）[D]couldnothelptolaugh12.Itisbettertodieonone’sfeetthan________.[A]livingonone’sknees[B]liveonone’sknees[C]onone’sknees（D）[D]toliveonone’sknees13.Themostimportant________ofhisspeechwasthatweshouldallworkwholeheartedlyforthe-366- people.[A]element[B]spot[C]sense（D）[D]point14.Thiswatchis________toalltheotherwatchesonthemarket.[A]superior[B]advantageous[C]super（A）[D]beneficial15.Inatyphoon,winds________aspeedgreaterthan120kilometersperhour.[A]assume[B]accomplish[C]attain（C）[D]assemble16.________theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.[A]Inspiteof[B]Butfor[C]Becauseof（B）[D]Asfor17.Mary________myletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.[A]hasreceived[B]oughttohavereceived[C]couldn’thavereceived（C）[D]shouldn’thavereceived18.________tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.[A]Hardlyhadhebegun[B]Nosoonerhadhebegun[C]Notuntilhebegan（A）[D]Scarcelydidhebegin19.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completely________totheoutsideworld.[A]beinglost-366- [B]havinglost[C]losing（D）[D]lost20.Thepolicemenwentintoaction________theyheardthealarm.[A]promptly[B]presently[C]quickly（D）[D]directly21.ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]abandoned[C]scattered（B）[D]rejected22.Dresswarmly,________you’llcatchcold.[A]onthecontrary[B]orrather[C]orelse（C）[D]innoway23.Ourresearchhasfocusedonadrugwhichisso________astobeabletochangebrainchemistry.[A]powerful[B]influential[C]monstrous（A）[D]vigorous24.Bobwascompletely________bytherobber’sdisguise.[A]takenaway[B]takendown[C]takento（D）[D]takenin25.Difficultiesandhardshipshave________thebestqualitiesoftheyounggeologist.[A]broughtout[B]broughtabout-366- [C]broughtforth（A）[D]broughtup26.Ourmoderncivilizationmustnotbethoughtofas________inashortperiodoftime.[A]beingcreated[B]tohavebeencreated[C]havingbeencreated（C）[D]tobecreated27.Eveniftheyareonsale,theserefrigeratorsareequalinpriceto,ifnotmoreexpensivethan,________attheotherstore.[A]anyone[B]theothers[C]that（D）[D]theones28.Thebankmanageraskedhisassistantifitwaspossibleforhimto________theinvestmentplanwithinaweek.[A]workout[B]putout[C]makeout（A）[D]setout29.Heknowslittleofmathematics,and________ofchemistry.[A]evenmore[B]stillless[C]noless（B）[D]stillmore30.Thestudentsexpectedthere________morereviewingclassesbeforethefinalexam.[A]is[B]being[C]havebeen（D）[D]tobeSectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Forachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)-366- TextlAwisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honesty,kindness,andsoon--accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw--and,ultimately,nosociety.Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities--smallertowns,usually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!”Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.31.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat________.[A]it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil[B]it’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit[C]it’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevil（B）[D]it’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil32.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,________.[A]societyistobeheldresponsible[B]moderncivilizationisresponsibleforit-366- [C]thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame（C）[D]thestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved33.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave________.[A]lessself-discipline[B]bettersenseofdiscipline[C]moremutualrespect（A）[D]lesseffectivegovernment34.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat________.[A]peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals[B]peopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards[C]today’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty（A）[D]peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities35.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat________.[A]stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies[B]moregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollow[C]morerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’sbehavior（D）[D]morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountabilityText2Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.,theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,right,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedand-366- adultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense;hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noadditionalbasicrightsareacquiredasafunctionofageaftermajoritystatushasbeenattained.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.36.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.[A]thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged[B]theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped[C]moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade（C）[D]ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance37.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto________.[A]graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges[B]socialrecognition[C]socio-economicstatus（A）[D]certainbehavioralchanges38.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis________.[A]elevenyearsold[B]sixteenyearsold[C]twenty-oneyearsold（C）[D]betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold39.Startingfrom22,________.[A]onewillobtainmorebasicrights[B]theolderonebecomes,themorebasicrightshewillhave[C]onewon’tgetmorebasicrightsthanwhenheis21（C）[D]onewillenjoymorerightsgrantedbysociety40.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat________.[A]inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted-366- [B]noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one[C]oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’slicense（A）[D]oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyText3Mostgrowingplantscontainmuchmorewaterthanallothermaterialscombined.C.R.Darneshassuggestedthatitisaspropertotermtheplantawaterstructureastocallahousecomposedmainlyofbrick--abrickbuilding.Certainitisthatallessentialprocessesofplantgrowthanddevelopmentoccurinwater.Themineralelementsfromthesoilthatareusablebytheplantmustbedissolvedinthesoilsolutionbeforetheycanbetakenintotheroot.Theyarecarriedtoallpartsofthegrowingplantandarebuiltintoessentialplantmaterialswhileinadissolvedstate.Thecarbondioxidefromtheairmayentertheleafasagasbutisdissolvedinwaterintheleafbeforeitiscombinedwithapartofthewatertoformsimplesugars--thebasematerialfromwhichtheplantbodyismainlybuilt.Activelygrowingplantpartsaregenerally75to90percentwater.Structuralpartsofplants,suchaswoodystemsnolongeractivelygrowing,mayhavemuchlesswaterthangrowingtissues.Theactualamountofwaterintheplantatanyonetime,however,isonlyaverysmallpartofwhatpassesthroughitduringitsdevelopment.Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,bywhichcarbondioxideandwaterarecombined--inthepresenceofchlorophyll(叶绿素)andwithenergyderivedfromlight--toformsugars,requirethatcarbondioxidefromtheairentertheplant.Thisoccursmainlyintheleaves.Theleafsurfaceisnotsolidbutcontainsgreatnumbersofminuteopenings,throughwhichthecarbondioxideenters.Thesamestructurethatpermitstheonegastoentertheleaf,however,permitsanothergas--watervapor--tobelostfromit.Sincecarbondioxideispresentintheaironlyintracequantities(3to4partsin10,000partsofair)andwatervaporisnearsaturationintheairspaceswithintheleaf(at80F,saturatedairwouldcontainabout186partsofwatervaporin10,000partsofair),thetotalamountofwatervaporlostismanytimesthecarbondioxideintake.Actually,becauseofwindandotherfactors,thelossofwaterinproportiontocarbondioxideintakemaybeevengreaterthantherelativeconcentrationsofthetwogases.Also,notallofthecarbondioxidethatenterstheleafissynthesizedintocarbohydrates(碳水化合物).41.Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept________.[A]formingsugars[B]sustainingwoodystems[C]keepinggreen（D）[D]producingcarbondioxide42.Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis________.[A]toformsugars[B]toderiveenergyfromlight[C]topreservewater（A）[D]tocombinecarbondioxidewithwater-366- 43.Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat________.[A]aplantefficientlyutilizesmostofthewateritabsorbs[B]carbondioxideistheessentialsubstanceneededforplantdevelopment[C]aplantneedsmorewaterthanisfoundinitscomposition（C）[D]thestrongerthewind,themorethewatervaporloss44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?[A]Themineralelementswillnotbeabsorbedbytheplantunlesstheyaredissolvedinitsroot.[B]Thewoodystemscontainmorewaterthantheleaves.[C]Airexistingaroundtheleafisfoundtobesaturated.（D）[D]Onlypartofthecarbondioxideintheplantsissynthesized.45.Thispassageismainlyabout________.[A]thefunctionsofcarbondioxideandwater[B]theroleofwaterinagrowingplant[C]theprocessofsimplesugarformation（B）[D]thesynthesisofwaterwithcarbondioxideSectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D],choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Whentelevisionfirstbegantoexpand,veryfewofthepeoplewhohadbecomefamousasradiocommentatorswereabletobeequallyeffectiveontelevision.Someofthedifficultiestheyexperiencedwhentheyweretryingto__46__themselvestothenewmediumweretechnical.Whenworking__47__radio,forexample,theyhadbecome__48__toseeingonbehalfofthelistener.This__49__ofseeingforothersmeansthatthecommentatorhastobeverygoodattalking.__50__all,hehastobeableto__51__acontinuoussequenceofvisualimageswhich__52__meaningtothesoundswhichthelistenerhears.Inthe__53__oftelevision,however,thecommentatorseeseverythingwiththeviewer.Hisrole,therefore,is__54__different.Heistheretomake__55__thattheviewerdoesnotmisssomepointofinterest,tohelphim__56__onparticularthings,andto__57__theimagesonthetelevisionscreen.__58__hisradiocolleague,hemustknowthe__59__ofsilenceandhowtouseitatthosemoments__60__thepicturesspeakforthemselves.46.[A]turn[B]adapt[C]alter（B）[D]modify47.[A]on-366- [B]at[C]with（A）[D]behind48.[A]experienced[B]determined[C]established（D）[D]accustomed49.[A]efficiency[B]technology[C]art（C）[D]performance50.[A]Of[B]For[C]Above（C）[D]In51.[A]inspire[B]create[C]cause（B）[D]perceive52.[A]add[B]apply[C]affect（A）[D]reflect53.[A]occasion[B]event[C]fact（D）[D]case54.[A]equally[B]completely[C]initially（B）[D]hardly-366- 55.[A]definite[B]possible[C]sure（C）[D]clear56.[A]focus[B]attend[C]follow（A）[D]insist57.[A]exhibit[B]demonstrate[C]expose（D）[D]interpret58.[A]Like[B]Unlike[C]As（B）[D]For59.[A]purpose[B]goal[C]value（C）[D]intention60.[A]if[B]when[C]which（B）[D]asSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofsentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)61.Theseisa[A]delicatebalanceofnaturewhich[B]manysquaremilesofoceanandvegetationandcleanairareneeded[C]tomaintainonlyarelativelyfew[D]humanbeings.（[B]inwhich）-366- 62.Theideathat[A]learningisa[B]lifelongprocesshasexpressed[C]byphilosophersandeducationaliststhroughout[D]thecenturies.（[C]hasbeenexpressed）63.Nobodybeside[A]little[B]childrenthinks[C]thatatripbybusisexciting[D].（[A]except/but）64.Justoutside[A]theruinsare[B]amagnificent[C]buildingsurrounded[D]bytalltrees.（[B]is）65.Intheteachingof[A]mathematics,thewayofinstructionisgenerallytraditional,with[B]teacherspresentingformal[C]lecturesandstudentstake[D]notes.（[D]taking）66.Theteacheraskedthem[A]whohadcompleted[B]theirteststoleave[C]theroomasquietly[D]aspossible.（[A]those）67.Hewantedmoreoutoflife[A],notjustworkingat[B]high-paid[C]jobsorspendingnightsonthestreetsplayinggames[D].（[C]highly-paid）68.Man[A]hasusedmetalsforcenturiesingradual[B]increasingquantities,butitwasnotuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionthat[C]theycametobeemployed[D]inrealvastquantities.（[B]gradually）69.Ifyouwantyourfilmtoproperlyprocess[A],you’llhavetowaitandpickitup[B]onFriday,which[C]is[D]thedayaftertomorrow.（[A]beproperlyprocessed）70.Amancannot[A]bereallyhappyifthat[B]heenjoysdoingisignored[C]bysocietyasof[D]novalueorimportance.（[B]what）SectionV:English-ChineseTranslationReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)Thefactisthattheenergycrisis,whichhassuddenlybeenofficiallyannounced,hasbeenwithusforalongtimenow,andwillbewithusforanevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornot,itiscleartoeveryonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase.(71)Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.(72)Newsourcesofenergymustbefound,andthiswilltaketime,butitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwilleverrestorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimespast.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereon,mankindisgoingtoadvancecautiously,andconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall.Tomakethesituationworse,thereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingoftheworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsomenations,includingtheUnitedStates,thepopulationoftheworldseemssuretopasssixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcenturyopens.(73)Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis,whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.Takingallthisintoaccount,whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeinthe-366- year2001?Tobeginwith,theworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecomesteadilytighteroverthenextthirtyyears--evenhereintheUnitedStates.By2001,thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfiftymillionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillion,andthenationwillfinditdifficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.(74)Thiswillbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinueagricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibletocombinefewfarmerswithhighyields.Itseemsalmostcertainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood-exportingnationandthat,ifnecessityforcesexports,itwillbeatthepriceofbelt-tighteningathome.Infact,asfooditemswilltendtodeclineinqualityanddecreaseinvariety,thereisverylikelytobeincreasinguseofflavouringadditives.(75)Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthesensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovideacomfortablesupportforall,peoplewillhavetoacceptmore“unnaturalfood”.SectionVI:WritingDIRECTIONS:[A]Title:WHERETOLIVE--INTHECITYORTHECOUNTRY?[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence.[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Conveniencesofthecity2.Attractionsofthecountry3.Disadvantagesofboth4.Mypreference1991年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[B]5.[D]6.[B]7.[C]8.[B]9.[C]10.[A]11.[C]12.[D]13.[D]14.[A]15.[C]16.[B]17.[C]18.[A]19.[D]20.[D]21.[B]22.[C]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]26.[C]27.[D]28.[A]29.[B]30.[D]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(30points)31.[B]32.[C]33.[A]34.[A]35.[D]-366- 36.[C]37.[A]38.[C]39.[C]40.[A]41.[D]42.[A]43.[C]44.[D]45.[B]SectionIII:ClozeTest(15points)46.[B]47.[A]48.[D]49.[C]50.[C]51.[B]52.[A]53.[D]54.[B]55.[C]56.[A]57.[D]58.[B]59.[C]60.[B]SectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)61.[B]inwhich62.[C]hasbeenexpressed63.[A]except/but64.[B]is65.[D]taking66.[A]those67.[C]highly-paid68.[B]gradually69.[A]beproperlyprocessed70.[B]whatSectionV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。72.必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了。73.食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。74.这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。75.除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。SectionVI:Writing(15points)76.参考范文（略）1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachsentence,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)1.Iwillgivethisdictionaryto________wantstohaveit.-366- [A]whomever[B]someone[C]whoever（C）[D]anyone2.Afterhavinggone________far,Georgedidnotwanttoturnback.[A]enough[B]much[C]such（D）[D]that3.________allourkindnesstohelpher,Sarahrefusedtolistentous.[A]At[B]For[C]In（B）[D]On4.Richarddoesn’tthinkhecouldever________whatiscalled“free-style”poetry.[A]takeon[B]takeover[C]taketo（C）[D]takeafter5.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwives________inthehome.[A]worked[B]wouldwork[C]work（C）[D]wereworking6.Idon’twanttolendanymoremoneytohim;he’salreadyindebt________me.[A]to[B]for[C]of（A）[D]with7.Thebusinessofeachday,________sellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.[A]itbeing[B]beit-366- [C]wasit（B）[D]itwas8.Careydidn’tgotothepartylastnightbecauseshe________thebabyforhersisteruntil9:30.[A]musthavelookedafter[B]wouldhavetolookafter[C]hadtolookafter（C）[D]shouldhavelookedafter9.________,hedoesgetinitiatedwithhersometimes.[A]Ashelikeshermuch[B]Muchthoughhelikesher[C]Thoughmuchhelikeher（D）[D]Muchashelikesher10.CaliforniansandNewEnglandersspeakthesamelanguageand________bythesamefederallaws.[A]stand[B]conform[C]abide（C）[D]sustain11.Thevocabularyofanytechnicaldiscussionmayincludewordswhichareneverusedoutsidethesubjectorfield________.[A]inview[B]inquestion[C]incase（B）[D]ineffect12.Thelong-awaitedHubbleSpaceTelescope,________toorbittheEarthnextMarch,willobservesomeoftheoldeststarsinthesky.[A]subject[B]owing[C]available（D）[D]due13.________oftheburdenofice,theballoonclimbedupanddriftedtotheSouth.[A]Tobefree[B]Freeing-366- [C]Tofree（D）[D]Freed14.Thepatienthasbeen________ofthesafetyoftheoperation.[A]assured[B]guaranteed[C]entrusted（A）[D]confirmed15.Willyou________thispassagetoseeifthereisanymisprint?[A]lookup[B]goover[C]dwellon（B）[D]workout16.Thepatientsbelievethatthedoctorknowsexactlyhowtoputthem________.[A]correct[B]straight[C]right（C）[D]well17.Althoughhethoughthewashelpinguspreparethedinner,hewasactually________theway.[A]in[B]by[C]off（A）[D]on18.Ifwebelievesomethingisgoodandtrueweshould________it.[A]holdup[B]keepon[C]holdon（C）[D]keepup19.________,morethan200housesandbuildingsareheatedbysolarenergy,nottomentionthebigcitiesintheregion.[A]Aloneinthesmalltown[B]Inthesmallalonetown[C]Inthealonesmalltown（D）-366- [D]Inthesmalltownalone20.Thebankisreported________inthelocalnewspaperinbroaddaylightyesterday.[A]toberobbed[B]robbed[C]tohavebeenrobbed（C）[D]havingbeenrobbed21.Theengineersaregoingthroughwiththeirhighwayproject,________theexpenseshaverisen.[A]eventhough[B]justbecause[C]nowthat（A）[D]asthough22.Althoughwehadtoldthemnottokeepuswaiting,theymadeno________tospeedupdeliveries.[A]trial[B]attempt[C]action（B）[D]progress23.Waterwillcontinuetobe________itistoday--nextinimportancetooxygen.[A]how[B]which[C]as（D）[D]what24.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,he________ourchairmannow.[A]musthavebeen[B]wouldhavebeen[C]were（D）[D]wouldbe25.Stressfulenvironmentsleadtounhealthybehaviorssuchaspooreatinghabits,which________increasetheriskofheartdisease.[A]inturn[B]inreturn[C]bychance（A）-366- [D]byturns26.Thetouristispreventedfromenteringacountryifhedoesnothavepassport________.[A]anoperative[B]avalid[C]anefficient（B）[D]aneffective27.IliketogotothecinemawhenIaminthe________forit.[A]motive[B]mind[C]mood（C）[D]notion28.Theprojectrequiresmorelaborthan________.[A]hasbeenputin[B]havebeenputin[C]beingputin（A）[D]tobeputin29.Circustigers,althoughtheyhavebeentamed,can________attacktheirtrainer.[A]unexpectedly[B]deliberately[C]reluctantly（A）[D]subsequently30.Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,________inthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.[A]tobedeserted[B]havingdeserted[C]tohavebeendeserted（D）[D]havingbeendesertedSectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(30points)Text1-366- Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjams,thecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodernlife,butmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisverywell,again,tohaveatigerinthetank,buttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog,therudeandinconsideratedriver,butnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherule.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora‘BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaign,otherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand.Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmanners,butgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationtorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhand,alittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlynodorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateanatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmoderntrafficconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit.However,misplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtraffic,whenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletostopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies.Aveterandriver,whosemannersarefaultless,toldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunately,modernmotoristscan’tevenlearntodrive,letalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofboatmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethismessagetoheart.31.Accordingtothispassage,troublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby________.[A]people’sattitudetowardstheroad-hog[B]therhythmofmodernlife[C]thebehaviorofthedriver（C）[D]trafficconditions32.Thesentence“Youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hog...therule.”(Para.1)impliesthat________.[A]oursocietyisunjusttowardswell-manneredmotorists[B]rudedriverscanbemetonlyoccasionally[C]thewell-manneredmotoristcannottoleratetheroad-hog（D）[D]nowadaysimpolitedriversconstitutethemajorityofmotorists33.By“goodsense,”thewritermeans________.[A]thedriver’sabilitytounderstandandreactreasonably[B]thedriver’spromptresponsetodifficultandsevereconditions-366- [C]thedriver’stoleranceofrudeorevensavagebehavior（A）[D]thedriver’sacknowledgementofpolitenessandregulations34.Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion,________.[A]roadusersshouldmakemoresacrifice[B]driversshouldbereadytoyieldtoeachother[C]driversshouldhavemorecommunicationamongthemselves（B）[D]driverswillsuffergreatlossiftheypaynorespecttoothers35.Inthewriter’sopinion,________.[A]stricttrafficregulationsarebadlyneeded[B]driversshouldapplyroadpolitenessproperly[C]rudedriversshouldbepunished（B）[D]driversshouldavoidtrafficjamsText2Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlikeaone-waymirror--theglassintheroofofagreenhousewhichallowsthesun’sraystoenterbutpreventstheheatfromescaping.Accordingtoaweatherexpert’sprediction,theatmospherewillbe3℃warmerintheyear2050thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuelsatthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptookplace,theicecapsinthepoleswouldbegintomelt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresandseverelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,theincreaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadtogreatchangesintheclimateofthenorthernhemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationofearth’schieffood-growingzones.Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarmingoftheearthhasconcentratedontheArcticbecausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasamuchthickericesheet.ButtheweatherexpertsarenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesofwarming,inotherwords,byawarmingonthescalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenextfiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.SatellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasofAntarcticicearealreadydisappearing.Theevidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghastakenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbondioxidewarmstheearth.However,mostofthefuelisburntinthenorthernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobefalling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatuptonownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhaveexceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis:Whichnaturalcausehasmosteffectontheweather?Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthesun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhavestudiedthehotspotsand“cold”spots(thatis,therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.Asthesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresentshotteror“colder”facestotheearth,anddifferentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableeffectonthedistributionoftheearth’satmosphericpressure,andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunisalsovariableoveralong-366- term:itsheatoutputgoesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrendbeingdownward.Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetweenmodelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsandtheactualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,includingthelastIceAge.TheproblemisthatthemodelsarepredictingthattheworldshouldbeenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.Onewayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyistoassumeadelayofthousandsofyearswhilethesolareffectsovercometheinertia(惯性)oftheearth’sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarmingeffectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingasausefulcounter-balancetothesun’sdiminishingheat.36.Itcanbeconcludedthataconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospherewould________.[A]preventthesun’sraysfromleechingtheearth’ssurface[B]meanawarmingupintheArctic[C]accountforgreatchangesintheclimateinthenorthernhemisphere（D）[D]raisethetemperatureoftheearth’ssurface37.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain________.[A]thegreenhouseeffect[B]thesolareffectsontheearth[C]themodelsofsolar-weatherinteractions（D）[D]thecausesaffectingweather38.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterinthenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemtobefalling.Thisis________.[A]mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxidearerising[B]possiblybecausetheicecapsinthepolesaremelting[C]exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertiaoftheearth’sclimate（D）[D]partlyduetovariationsintheoutputofsolarenergy39.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsareoftheopinionthat________.[A]theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecomingcooler[B]itwilltakethousandsofyearsfortheinertiaoftheearth’sclimatetotakeeffect[C]theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincreasethesolareffects（A）[D]thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythegreenhouseeffect40.IftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanewIceAgeiscorrect,________.[A]thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffectwouldbetoburnmorefuels[B]icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere[C]theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxideintheatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmorequickly（D）[D]thegreenhouseeffectcouldworktotheadvantageoftheearth-366- Text3Somepeoplebelievethatinternationalsportcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadtomisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencouragesinternationalbrotherhood.Notonlywastherethetragicincidentinvolvingthemurderofathletes,buttheGameswerealsoruinedbylesserincidentscausedprincipallybyminornationalcontests.Onecountryreceiveditssecond-placemedalswithvisibleindignationafterthehockey(曲棍球)final.Therehadbeennoisyscenesattheendofthehockeymatch,thelosersobjectingtothefinaldecisions.Theywereconvincedthatoneoftheirgoalsshouldnothavebeendisallowedandthattheiropponents’victorywasunfair.Theirmanagerwasinaragewhenhesaid:“Thiswasn’thockey.HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished.”ThepresidentoftheFederationsaidlaterthatsuchbehaviorcouldresultinthesuspensionoftheteamforatleastthreeyears.TheAmericanbasketballteamannouncedthattheywouldnotyieldfirstplacetoRussia,afteradisputableendtotheircontest.Thegamehadendedindisturbance.ItwasthoughtatfirstthattheUnitedStateshadwon,byasinglepoint,butitwasannouncedthattherewerethreesecondsstilltoplay.ARussianplayerthenthrewtheballfromoneendofthecourttotheother,andanotherplayerpoppeditintothebasket.ItwasthefirsttimetheUSAhadeverlostanOlympicbasketballmatch.Anappealjurydebatedthematterforfourandahalfhoursbeforeannouncingthattheresultwouldstand.TheAmericanplayersthenvotednottoreceivethesilvermedals.Incidentsofthiskindwillcontinueaslongassportisplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.Thesuggestionthatathletesshouldcompeteasindividuals,orinnon-nationalteams,mightbetoomuchtohopefor.ButinthepresentorganizationoftheOlympicsthereisfartoomuchthatencouragesaggressivepatriotism.41.Accordingtotheauthor,recentOlympicGameshave________.[A]createdgoodwillbetweenthenations[B]bredonlyfalsenationalpride[C]barelyshowedanyinternationalfriendship（C）[D]ledtomoreandmoremisunderstandingandhatred42.Whatdidthemanagermeanbysaying,“...HockeyandtheInternationalHockeyFederationarefinished”?[A]Histeamwouldnolongertakepartininternationalgames.[B]HockeyandtheFederationarebothruinedbytheunfairdecisions.[C]ThereshouldbenomorehockeymatchesorganizedbytheFederation.（B）[D]TheFederationshouldbedissolved.43.Thebasketballexampleimpliedthat________.[A]toomuchpatriotismwasdisplayedintheincident-366- [B]theannouncementtoprolongthematchwaswrong[C]theappealjurywastoohesitantinmakingthedecision（A）[D]theAmericanteamwasrightinrejectingthesilvermedals44.Theauthorgivesthetwoexamplesinparagraphs2and3toshow________.[A]howfalsenationalprideledtoundesirableincidentsininternationalgames[B]thatsportsmenhavebeenmoreobedientthantheyusedtobe[C]thatcompetitivenessinthegamesdiscouragesinternationalfriendship（C）[D]thatunfairdecisionsarecommoninOlympicGames45.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?[A]TheorganizationoftheOlympicGamesmustbeimproved.[B]AthletesshouldcompeteasindividualintheOlympicGames.[C]Sportshouldbeplayedcompetitivelyratherthanfortheloveofthegame.（A）[D]Internationalcontestsareliableformisunderstandingbetweennations.SectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassagetherefourchoiceslabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D],choosethebestoneandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEETbyblackening(15points)ThekeytotheindustrializationofspaceistheU.S.spaceshuttle.__46__it,astronautswillacquireaworkhousevehicle__47__offlyingintospaceandreturningmanytimes.__48__byreusablerocketsthatcanliftaloadof65,000pounds,theshuttlewillcarrydevicesforscientificinquiry,as__49__asavarietyofmilitaryhardware.__50__moresignificantly,itwill__51__materialsandmachinesintospaceforindustrialpurposes__52__twodecadesagowhen“sputnik”(artificialsatellite)was__53__tovocabulary.Inshort,the__54__importanceoftheshuttleliesinits__55__asaneconomictool.Whatmakesthespaceshuttle__56__isthatittakesofflikearocketbutlandslikeanairplane.__57__,whenithasaccomplishedits__58__,itcanbereadyfor__59__tripinabouttwoweeks.Thespaceshuttle,theworld’sfirsttruespaceship,isamagnificentstep__60__makingtheimpossiblepossibleforthebenefitandsurvivalofman.46.[A]In[B]On[C]By（D）[D]With47.[A]capable[B]suitable[C]efficient（A）-366- [D]fit48.[A]Served[B]Powered[C]Forced（B）[D]Reinforced49.[A]far[B]well[C]much（B）[D]long.50.[A]Then[B]Or[C]But（C）[D]So51.[A]supply[B]introduce[C]deliver（C）[D]transfer52.[A]unimagined[B]unsettled[C]uncovered（A）[D]unsolved53.[A]attributed[B]contributed[C]applied（D）[D]added54.[A]general[B]essential[C]prevailing（D）[D]ultimate55.[A]promise[B]prosperity-366- [C]popularity（A）[D]priority56.[A]exceptional[B]strange[C]unique（C）[D]rare57.[A]Thus[B]Whereas[C]Nevertheless（A）[D]Yet58.[A]venture[B]mission[C]commission（B）[D]responsibility59.[A]new[B]another[C]certain（B）[D]subsequent60.[A]for[B]by[C]in（C）[D]throughSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedparts.Thesepartsarelabeled[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandputyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineintheANSWERSHEET.(10points)61.Youngreaders,moreoftenthannot[A],findthenovelsof[B]Dickensfar[C]moreexcitingthanThackeray[D].（[D]Thackery’s）62.Peoplecannotbut[A]feelpuzzling[B],fortheysimplycannot[C]understandhowhecouldhavemade[D]suchastupidmistake.（[B]puzzled）-366- 63.NowherebutinEuropewehaveseen[A]theresultssoclearly[B],whichreallyhavesurprised[C]usall[D].（[A]haveweseen）64.Theamountofpressure[A]which[B]thematerialsaresubject[C]toaffect[D]thequalityoftheproducts.（[D]affects）65.Iregrethavingleft[A]theworkunfinished[B];Ishouldplan[C]everythingahead[D]carefully.（[C]shouldhaveplanned）66.Theproblemofunemploymentthe[A]governmentswantsolved[B]isasseriousasnever[C]intheseunderdeveloped[D]countries.（[C]ever）67.Manyspeciescancommunicateanamazing[A]amountofinformationvia[B]sound,informationwhich[C]boththelifeofanindividualandthecontinued[D]existenceofthespeciesmaydepend.（[C]onwhich）68.Itwasnotsomuch[A]themanyblowshereceivedfor[B]thelackoffighting[C]spiritthatledtohislosing[D]thegame.（[B]as）69.Thosepart-timestudentsexpectedtooffer[A]somejobson[B]campusduring[C]thecoming[D]summervacation.（[A]tobeoffered）70.With[A]productionhavinggone[B]upsteadily,thefactoryneedsanever-increasing[C]supplyof[D]rawmaterials.（[B]going）SectionV:English-ChineseTranslationReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)Intelligenceatbestisanassumptiveconstruct--themeaningofthewordhasneverbeenclear.(71)Thereismoreagreementonthekindsofbehaviorreferredtobythetermthanthereisonhowtointerpretorclassifythem.Butitisgenerallyagreedthatapersonofhighintelligenceisonewhocangraspideasreadily,makedistinctions,reasonlogically,andmakeuseofverbalandmathematicalsymbolsinsolvingproblems.Anintelligencetestisaroughmeasureofachild’scapacityforlearning,particularlyforlearningthekindsofthingsrequiredinschool.Itdoesnotmeasurecharacter,socialadjustment,physicalendurance,manualskills,orartisticabilities.Itisnotsupposedto--itwasnotdesignedforsuchpurposes.(72)Tocriticizeitforsuchfailureisroughlycomparabletocriticizingathermometerfornotmeasuringwindvelocity.Theotherthingwehavetonoticeisthattheassessmentoftheintelligenceofanysubjectisessentiallyacomparativeaffair.(73)Nowsincetheassessmentofintelligenceisacomparativematterwemustbesurethatthescalewithwhichwearecomparingoursubjectsprovidesa‘valid’or‘fair’comparison.Itisherethatsomeofthedifficultieswhichinterestusbegin.Anytestperformedinvolvesatleastthreefactors:theintentiontodoone’sbest,theknowledgerequiredforunderstandingwhatyouhavetodo,-366- andtheintellectualabilitytodoit.(74)Thefirsttwomustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.Inschoolpopulationsinourculturetheseassumptionscanbemadefairandreasonable,andthevalueofintelligencetestinghasbeenprovedthoroughly.Itsvaluelies,ofcourse,initsprovidingasatisfactorybasisforprediction.Nooneisintheleastinterestedinthemarksalittlechildgetsonhistest;whatweareinterestediniswhetherwecanconcludefromhismarkonthetestthatthechildwilldobetterorworsethanotherchildrenofhisageattaskswhichwethinkrequire‘generalintelligence’.(75)Onthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidence,butonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherswithwhomheisbeingcompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.SectionVI:WritingDIRECTIONS:[A]Title:FORABETTERUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENPARENTANDCHILD[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence.[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Presentsituation:Lackofcommunicationbetweenparentandchild2.Possiblereasons:1)Differentlikesanddislikes2)Misunderstanding3)Others3.Suggestions:1)Forparents2)Forchildren1992年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[C]2.[D]3.[B]4.[C]5.[C]6.[A]7.[B]8.[C]9.[D]10.[C]11.[B]12.[D]13.[D]14.[A]15.[B]16.[C]17.[A]18.[C]19.[D]20.[C]21.[A]22.[B]23.[D]24.[D]25.[A]26.[B]27.[C]28.[A]29.[A]30.[D]-366- SectionII:ReadingComprehension(30points)31.[C]32.[D]33.[A]34.[B]35.[B]36.[D]37.[D]38.[D]39.[A]40.[D]41.[C]42.[B]43.[A]44.[C]45.[A]SectionIII:ClozeTest(15points)46.[D]47.[A]48.[B]49.[B]50.[C]51.[C]52.[A]53.[D]54.[D]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[B]59.[B]60.[C]SectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)61.[D]Thackery’s62.[B]puzzled63.[A]haveweseen64.[D]affects65.[C]shouldhaveplanned66.[C]ever67.[C]onwhich68.[B]as69.[A]tobeoffered70.[B]goingSectionV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。72.批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能测风速一样。73.既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。74.如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。75.总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受影响。SectionVI:Writing(15points)76.参考范文ForABetterUnderstandingBetweenParentAndChildNowadays,thereisoftenalackofunderstandingbetweenparentandchild.Onegenerationoftenfeelsthatitsstyleoflifeisdifferentfromanothergeneration’sstyle.Thefeelingthateachfamilyunitshouldhaveaseparateresidenceischaracteristic.Noonewantstointrudeorbeintrudedupon.Bothparentsandchildfeelthattheother’spresencewouldupsetandchangethenormalroutine.-366- Oneofthereasonsforpresentsituationisthattherearedifferentlikesanddislikesbetweenparentsandchild.Forexample,thechildlikesglitteringdisco,rock-and-rollmusicorlovesmoviesforhisentertainmentatnightwhiletheparentslikepeacefulenvironmentandphysicalexercises.Theywouldliketospendtheireveningsoflifeinhappiness.Secondly,thereoftenexistsmisunderstandingbetweenparentandchild.Thechilddoesn’tknowwhathisparentthinksandacts,whiletheparentdoesn’tunderstandwhathischildrenwanttodo.Ingeneral,youngpeopleenjoyagreatdealoffreedom,whiletheirparentsalwayskeeptheirtraditionalstyleoflife.Thirdly,childrenoftendonotfeelanequalshareofresponsibilitytowardtheirparents.Forexample,abrothersometimesfeelsthathissistersareresponsibleforphysicalcareoftheirparents.Onechildmayresentanother’sreluctancetohelp,provokingmisunderstandingandbitterness.Notallofthechildrenmaybefinanciallycapableofcontributinganequalsharetothecostoftheirparent’scare.Iarguethatitisunfairtosaythattheyareself-centered.Parentandchildshouldoftencommunicateeachother.Bydiscoveringthingsaboutbothsides,theycaninteractmuchbetterandhelpeachothertodealwiththeirproblemsforabetterunderstandingbetweenparentsandchild.1993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyIneachsentence,decidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.PutyourchoicesintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)1.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefiles________rightaway.[A]hadtobeprinted[B]shouldhavebeenprinted[C]mustbeprinted（D）[D]shouldbeprinted2.Thelocalhealthorganizationisreported________twenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audonbecameitsfirstpresident.[A]tobesetup[B]beingsetup[C]tohavebeensetup（C）[D]havingbeensetup3.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandsthathisfollowers________for.[A]bedemonstrating[B]demonstrate[C]hadbeendemonstrating（C）-366- [D]havedemonstrated4.Tedhadtoldmethathealwaysescapes________ashehasgotaveryfastsportcar.[A]tofine[B]tobefined[C]beingfined（C）[D]havingbeenfined5.MorethanonethirdoftheChineseintheUnitedStatesliveinCalifornia,________inSanFrancisco.[A]previously[B]predominantly[C]practically（B）[D]permanently6.Prof.Lee’sbookwillshowyou________canbeusedinothercontexts.[A]thatyouhaveobserved[B]thathowyouhaveobserved[C]howthatyouhaveobserved（D）[D]howwhatyouhaveobserved7.Allfights________becauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.[A]werecanceled[B]hadbeencanceled[C]havingcanceled（D）[D]havingbeencanceled8.Thenewsecretaryhaswrittenaremarkably________reportonlyinafewpagesbutwithallthedetails.[A]concise[B]clear[C]precise（A）[D]elaborate9.Withprices________somuch,it’shardforthecompanytoplanabudget.[A]fluctuating[B]waving[C]swinging（A）-366- [D]vibrating10.Expertsaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersonto________healthy.[A]preserve[B]stay[C]maintain（B）[D]reserve11.Expectednoisesareusuallymore________thanunexpectedonesofthelikemagnitude.[A]manageable[B]controllable[C]tolerable（C）[D]perceivable12.Itisn’tsomuchwhetherheworkshard;thequestioniswhetherheworks________.[A]aboveall[B]inall[C]atall（C）[D]afterall13.Thereisanincorrectassumptionamongscientistsandmedicalpeoplethateveryoneagrees________whatconstitutesabenefittoanindividual.[A]on[B]with[C]to（A）[D]in14.Alltheinformationwehavecollectedinrelationtothatcase________verylittle.[A]makesupfor[B]addsupto[C]comesupwith（B）[D]putsupwith15.Areallypowerfulspeakercan________thefeelingsoftheaudiencetothefeverofexcitement.[A]workout[B]workover[C]workat（D）[D]workup-366- 16.Beforethestudentssetoff,theyspentmuchtimesettingalimit________theexpensesofthetrip.[A]to[B]about[C]in（A）[D]for17.AccordingtothepsychoanalystSigmundFreud,wisdomcomesfromthe________ofmaturity.[A]fulfillment[B]achievement[C]establishment（B）[D]accomplishment18.FromthetearsinNedra’seyeswecandeducethatsomethingsad________.[A]musthaveoccurred[B]wouldhaveoccurred[C]mightbeoccurring（A）[D]shouldoccur19.YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting________youdon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.[A]provided[B]unless[C]though（A）[D]until20.Hardlyamonthgoesbywithout________ofanothersurveyrevealingnewdepthsofscientificilliteracyamongU.S.citizens.[A]words[B]aword[C]theword（D）[D]word21.Ifyou________JerryBrownuntilrecently,you’dthinkthephotographontherightwasstrange.[A]shouldn’tcontact[B]didn’tcontact[C]weren’ttocontact（D）-366- [D]hadn’tcontacted22.Someteenagersharborageneralizedresentmentagainstsociety,which________themtherightsandprivilegesofadults,althoughphysicallytheyaremature.[A]deprives[B]restricts[C]rejects（D）[D]denies23.Imustgonow.________,ifyouwantthatbookI’llbringitnexttime.[A]Incidentally[B]Accidentally[C]Occasionally（A）[D]Subsequently24.Thereisnoreasontheyshouldlimithowmuchvitaminyoutake,________theycanlimithowmuchwateryoudrink.[A]muchmorethan[B]nomorethan[C]nolessthan（D）[D]anymorethan25.Though________inSanFrancisco,DaveMitchellhadalwayspreferredtorecordtheplainfactsofsmall-townlife.[A]raised[B]grown[C]developed（A）[D]cultivated26.Mostelectronicdevicesofthiskind,________manufacturedforsuchpurposes,aretightlypacked.[A]thatare[B]asare[C]whichis（B）[D]itis27.Asforthewinter,itisinconvenienttobecold,withmostof________furnacefuelisallowedsavedforthedawn.[A]what-366- [B]that[C]which（A）[D]such28.AchievingahighdegreeofproficiencyinEnglishasaforeignlanguageisnotamysterious________withoutscientificbasic.[A]process[B]practice[C]procedure（A）[D]program29.Wecannotalways________thewind,sonewwindmillsshouldbesodesignedthattheycanalsobedrivenbywater.[A]hangon[B]counton[C]holdon（B）[D]comeon30.Thestormsweepingoverthisareanowissuretocause________ofvegetablesinthecomingdays.[A]rarity[B]scarcity[C]invalidity（B）[D]varietySectionII:ReadingComprehensionEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosetheanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(30points)Text1Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.-366- TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandtheymightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeofhighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds;attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands;ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1,000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourhislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacitytospeak.Whatisspecialaboutman’sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern“toy-bear.”Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain’sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild’sbabbling(咿呀学语),graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdullstheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild’snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.31.ThepurposeofFrederickII’sexperimentwas________.[A]toprovethatchildrenarebornwiththeabilitytospeak[B]todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech[C]tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak（B）[D]toprovethatachildcouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage32.Thereasonsomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingismostprobablythat________.[A]theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly[B]theyareexposedtotoomuchlanguageatonce[C]theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak（C）[D]theirmothersarenotintelligentenoughtohelpthem33.Whatisexceptionallyremarkableaboutachildisthat________.[A]heisbornwiththecapacitytospeak[B]hehasabrainmorecomplexthanananimal’s[C]hecanproducehisownsentences（C）[D]heoweshisspeechabilitytogoodnursing-366- 34.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.[B]Encouragementisanythingbutessentialtoachildinlanguagelearning.[C]Thechild’sbrainishighlyselective.（B）[D]Mostchildrenlearntheirlanguageindefinitestages.35.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothers,hewill________.[A]haveahighIQ[B]belessintelligent[C]beinsensitivetoverbalsignals（D）[D]notnecessarilybebackwardText2Ingeneral,oursocietyisbecomingoneofgiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucratic(官僚主义的)managementinwhichmanbecomesasmall,well-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwages,well-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusic,andbypsychologistsand“human-relations”experts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotalterthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerless,thathedoesnotwholeheartedlyparticipateinhisworkandthatheisboredwithit.Infact,theblue-andthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.Theworkerandemployeeareanxious,notonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajob;theyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionorinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjob,theyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasforthetightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentontheyaretestedagainandagain--bythepsychologists,forwhomtestingisabigbusiness,andbytheirsuperiors,whojudgetheirbehavior,sociability,capacitytogetalong,etc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellow-competitorcreatesconstantanxietyandstress,theverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepreindustrialmodeofproductionortonineteenth-century“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities--thoseofloveandofreason--aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.-366- 36.By“awell-oiledcoginthemachinery”theauthorintendstorendertheideathatmanis________.[A]anecessarypartofthesocietythougheachindividual’sfunctionisnegligible[B]workingincompleteharmonywiththerestofthesociety[C]anunimportantpartincomparisonwiththerestofthesociety,thoughfunctioningsmoothly（C）[D]ahumblecomponentofthesociety,especiallywhenworkingsmoothly37.Therealcauseoftheanxietyoftheworkersandemployeesisthat________.[A]theyarelikelytolosetheirjobs[B]theyhavenogenuinesatisfactionorinterestinlife[C]theyarefacedwiththefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistence（D）[D]theyaredeprivedoftheirindividualityandindependence38.Fromthepassagewecaninferthatrealhappinessoflifebelongstothose________.[A]whoareatthebottomofthesociety[B]whoarehigherupintheirsocialstatus[C]whoprovebetterthantheirfellow-competitors（D）[D]whocouldkeepfarawayfromthiscompetitiveworld39.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould________.[A]resorttotheproductionmodeofourancestors[B]offerhigherwagestotheworkersandemployees[C]enablemantofullydevelophispotentialities（C）[D]takethefundamentalrealitiesforgranted40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsindustrialismmightbestbesummarizedasoneof________.[A]approval[B]dissatisfaction[C]suspicion（B）[D]toleranceText3Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly(垄断)andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthis-366- normalprocessofevents.ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolourTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost“new”ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.41.Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]anapproachtopatents[B]theapplicationforpatents[C]theuseofpatents（D）[D]theaccesstopatents42.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?[A]Whenapatentbecomesoutofeffect,itcanbere-patentedorextendedifnecessary.[B]Itisnecessaryforaninventortoapplyforapatentbeforehemakeshisinventionpublic.[C]Apatentholdermustpublicizethedetailsofhisinventionwhenitslegalperiodisover.（C）[D]Onecangetallthedetailsofapatentedinventionfromalibraryattachedtothepatentoffice.43.GeorgeValensi’spatentlasteduntil1971because________.[A]nobodywouldofferanyrewardforhispatentpriortothattime[B]hispatentcouldnotbeputtouseforanunusuallylongtime[C]therewerenotenoughTVstationstoprovidecolourprogrammes（B）[D]thecolourTVreceiverwasnotavailableuntilthattime44.Theword“plagiarize”(line8,Para.5)mostprobablymeans“________.”[A]stealanduse-366- [B]giverewardto[C]makepublic（A）[D]takeandchange45.Fromthepassagewelearnthat________.[A]aninventionwillnotbenefittheinventorunlessitisreducedtocommercialpractice[B]productsareactuallyinventionswhichweremadealongtimeago[C]itismuchcheapertobuyanoldpatentthananewone（A）[D]patentexpertsoftenrecommendpatentstoothersbyconductingasearchthroughdeadpatentsSectionIII:CloseTestForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(15points)Althoughinteriordesignhasexistedsincethebeginningofarchitecture,itsdevelopmentintoaspecializedfieldisreallyquiterecent.Interiordesignershavebecomeimportantpartlybecauseofthemanyfunctionsthatmightbe__46__inasinglelargebuilding.Theimportanceofinteriordesignbecomes__47__whenwerealizehowmuchtimewe__48__surroundedbyfourwalls.Wheneverweneedtobeindoors,wewantoursurroundingstobe__49__attractiveandcomfortableaspossible.Wealsoexpect__50__placetobeappropriatetoitsuse.Youwouldbe__51__iftheinsideofyourbedroomweresuddenlychangedtolook__52__theinsideofarestaurant.Andyouwouldn’tfeel__53__inabusinessofficethathastheappearanceofaschool.Itsoonbecomesclearthattheinteriordesigner’smostimportantbasic__54__isthefunctionoftheparticular__55__.Forexample,atheaterwithpoorsightlines,poorsound-shapingqualities,and__56__fewentriesandexitswillnotworkfor__57__purpose,nomatterhowbeautifullyitmightbe__58__.Nevertheless,foranykindofspace,thedesignerhastomakemanyofthesamekindof__59__.Heorshemustcoordinatetheshapes,lightinganddecorationofeverythingfromceilingtofloor.__60__addition,thedesignermustusuallyselectfurnitureordesignbuilt-infurniture,accordingtothefunctionsthatneedtobeserved.46.[A]consisted[B]contained[C]composed（B）[D]comprised47.[A]obscure[B]attractive[C]appropriate（D）[D]evident-366- 48.[A]spend[B]require[C]settle（A）[D]retain49.[A]so[B]as[C]thus（B）[D]such50.[A]some[B]any[C]this（D）[D]each51.[A]amused[B]interested[C]shocked（C）[D]frightened52.[A]like[B]for[C]at（A）[D]into53.[A]correct[B]proper[C]right（C）[D]suitable54.[A]care[B]concern[C]attention（B）[D]intention55.[A]circumstance[B]environment[C]surroundings（D）-366- [D]space56.[A]too[B]quite[C]a（A）[D]far57.[A]their[B]its[C]those（B）[D]that58.[A]painted[B]covered[C]ornamented（D）[D]decorated59.[A]solutions[B]conclusions[C]decisions（C）[D]determinations60.[A]For[B]In[C]As（B）[D]WithSectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrectionEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.Then,withoutalteringthemeaningofthesentence,writedownyourcorrectiononthelineontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EXAMPLE:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibitionwhich[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Answer[C]iswrongbecausethesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C]andwritethecorrection“where”ontheline.SampleAnswer-366- [A][B][●][D]where61.Hecannottellthedifferencebetweentrue[A]praiseandflattering[B]statementsmaking[C]onlytogain[D]hisfavor.（[C]made）62.Theywanttoexposethoseeducational[A]disadvantagedstudentstocreative,enriching[B]educationalexperiences[C]forafive-year[D]period.（[A]educationally）63.Thechangesthattook[A]placeinairtravelduring[B]thelastsixtyyearswouldhaveseemed[C]completelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliantscientistsat[D]theturnofthe19thcentury.（[A]havetaken）64.Idon’tthinkit[A]advisablethathewillbeassigned[B]tothejobsincehehasno[C]experiencewhatsoever[D].（[B](should)beassigned）65.Beethoven,thegreatmusician,wrote[A]ninesymphoniesinhislife,mostofthemwerewritten[B]afterhehadlost[C]hishearing[D].（[B]written）66.Mr.Jankinregrettedtoblame[A]hissecretaryfor[B]themistake,for[C]helaterdiscovered[D]itwashisownfault.（[A]havingblamed）67.Asfor[A]theinfluenceofcomputerization,nowherewehaveseen[B]theresultsmoreclearlythanintheU.S.[C],whichreallyhavesurprised[D]usall.（[B]haveweseen）68.Attimes[A],morecaregoesinto[B]thecompositionofnewspaperandmagazineadvertisementsthanthewriting[C]offeatures[D]andeditorials.（[C]intothewriting）69.Itisrequiredbylawthatahusbandhavetopay[A]thedebtsofhiswifeuntil[B]formalnoticeisgiventhat[C]henolongerhastopayher[D].（[D]topaythem）70.Over[A]theyears,alargenumberofoverseasstudentshavestudied[B]atthatuniversityintheresult[C]thatithas[D]acquiredsubstantialexperienceindealingwiththem.（[C]withtheresult）SectionV:English-ChineseTranslationReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.(15points)(71)Themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhichallphenomenaarereasonedaboutandgivenpreciseandexactexplanation.Thereisnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygradedweights.(72)Itisnotthatthescalesintheonecase,andthe-366- balanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfinerapparatusandofcoursemuchmoreaccurateinitsmeasurementthantheformer.Youwillunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,ifIgiveyousomefamiliarexamples.(73)Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinduction(归纳法)anddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromNaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,theybuilduptheirtheories.(74)Anditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetobeacquiredbyasortofspecialtraining.Tohearalltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleapparatusarebeingusedbyyourselveseverydayandeveryhourofyourlives.Thereisawell-knownincidentinoneofMotiere’splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelightonbeingtoldthathehadbeentalkingprose(散文)duringthewholeofhislife.Inthesameway,Itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingontheprinciplesofinductiveanddeductivephilosophyduringthesameperiod.(75)Probablythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhichascientificmangoesthroughintracingthecausesofnaturalphenomena.SectionVI:WritingDIRECTIONS:[A]Title:ADVERTISEMENTONTV[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedattheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“TodaymoreandmoreadvertisementsareseenontheTVscreen.”[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Presentstate2.Reasons3.Mycomments1993年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)1.[D]2.[C]3.[C]4.[C]5.[B]6.[D]7.[D]8.[A]9.[A]10.[B]11.[C]12.[C]13.[A]14.[B]15.[D]16.[A]17.[B]18.[A]19.[A]20.[D]-366- 21.[D]22.[D]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]26.[B]27.[A]28.[A]29.[B]30.[B]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(30points)31.[B]32.[C]33.[C]34.[B]35.[D]36.[C]37.[D]38.[D]39.[C]40.[B]41.[D]42.[C]43.[B]44.[A]45.[A]SectionIII:ClozeTest(15points)46.[B]47.[D]48.[A]49.[B]50.[D]51.[C]52.[A]53.[C]54.[B]55.[D]56.[A]57.[B]58.[D]59.[C]60.[B]SectionIV:Error-detectionandCorrection(10points)61.[C]made62.[A]educationally63.[A]havetaken64.[B](should)beassigned65.[B]written66.[A]havingblamed67.[B]haveweseen68.[C]intothewriting69.[D]topaythem70.[C]withtheresultSectionV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。72.这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。73.你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。74.许多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。75.在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动，尽管复杂程度不同，但在类型上是完全一样的。SectionVI:Writing(15points)76.参考范文（略）-366- 1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],B),[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)1.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we________inEuropefortwoweeks.[A]shallstay[B]havestayed[C]willhavestayed（C）[D]havebeenstaying2.Iappreciated________theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.[A]havingbeengiven[B]havinggiven[C]tohavebeengiven（A）[D]tohavegiven3.LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,________obtainingwaterisnottheleast.[A]ofwhich[B]forwhat[C]as（A）[D]whose4.Theheartis________intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.[A]notso[B]notmuch[C]muchmore（D）[D]nomore5.________thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.[A]Becauseof[B]Asto-366- [C]Inspiteof（C）[D]Inviewof6.JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit________inreligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.[A]istobeanalyzed[B]hasbeenanalyzed[C]beanalyzed（C）[D]shouldhavebeenanalyzed7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,________allpracticalvaluebythetimetheyfinished.[A]couldlose[B]wouldhavelost[C]mightlose（B）[D]oughttohavelost8.Nobreadeatenbymanissosweetas________earnedbyhisownlabour.[A]one[B]that[C]such（B）[D]what9.Itisn’tcoldenoughforthere________afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.[A]wouldbe[B]being[C]was（D）[D]tobe10.ScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100years________ithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.[A]aslongas[B]asmuchas[C]assoonas（B）[D]aswellasPartBDirections:-366- Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)11.Similarelementsintheprehistoricremains[A]frombothareassuggest[B]thatIndiansandtheirneighbourshadmaintained[C]distantbutrealconnectionsever[D]before1500B.C.（[D]even）12.Itsoonbecameobviously[A]thatinsteadofbeingtrained[B]tosingshewould[C]betrainedas[D]theastronomer’sassistant.（[A]obvious）13.Healsoconceived[A]thatthesolarsystemandtheuniversewouldcome[B]intoexistenceby[C]anaturalprocessandwoulddisappear[D]oneday.（[B]hadcome）14.Themoonhasamassthatisnearlyonehundredtimesless[A]thantheearth[B];inconsequence[C],theforceof[D]gravityatthemoon’ssurfaceisonlyone-sixthofthatattheearth’ssurface.（[B]thatoftheearth）15.“TheBunsenburnerisso[A]namedbecauseitisthought[B]tobeinvented[C]byRobertBunsen,whowasGermanby[D]birth.（[C]tohavebeeninvented）16.Muchalthough[A]Ihavetraveled,Ihaveneverseenanyonetoequal[B]herinthoroughness,whatever[C]thejob[D].（[A]Muchas或Muchthough）17.Theweeds[A]andtallgrassinthatyardmakes[B]thehouselook[C]asifithadbeenvacant[D]forquitesometime.（[B]make）18.Ifonly[A]thenatureoftheagingprocessis[B]betterunderstood,thepossibilityofdiscovering[C]amedicinethatcanblockthefundamentalprocessofagingseems[D]veryremote.（[A]Unless(=if...not)）19.WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheis[A]asapainter[B],Icannothelpbutbelieving[C]thatthepublic[D]willappreciatehisgift.（[C]删去but或将believing改为believe）20.Allenhasstated[A]thathehasalwayshad[B]agreatinterest[C]andadmirationfor[D]theworkoftheBritisheconomistKeynes.（[C]agreatinterestin）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Pleasedonotbe________byhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattractattention.-366- [A]disregarded[B]distorted[C]irritated（C）[D]intervened22.Craigassuredhisbossthathewould________allhisenergiesindoingthisnewjob.[A]callforth[B]callat[C]callon（A）[D]calloff23.Toomuch________toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.[A]disclosure[B]exhibition[C]contact（D）[D]exposure24.Whenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes________,andIcanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.[A]dim[B]blank[C]faint（B）[D]vain25.Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthe________conditionforexpansionofmind.[A]incompatible[B]incredible[C]indefinite（D）[D]indispensable26.MorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates________fromtheBritishEmpireandbecomeanindependentcountry.[A]gotoff[B]pulleddown[C]brokeaway（C）[D]attachedto27.Careshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis________loudcontinuousnoise.-366- [A]subjectedto[B]filledwith[C]associatedwith（A）[D]droppedoff28.Someofthemostimportantconceptsinphysics________theirsuccesstothesemathematicalsystems.[A]oblige[B]owe[C]contribute（B）[D]attribute29.Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomething________researchinginto.[A]precious[B]worth[C]worthy（B）[D]valuable30.Asadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyplantsandanimals________asubstancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.[A]relieve[B]release[C]dismiss（B）[D]discard31.Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewould________beabletowalk.[A]innotime[B]byallmeans[C]innoway（C）[D]onanyaccount32.Whiletyping,Helenhasahabitofstopping________togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.[A]occasionally[B]simultaneously[C]eventually（A）[D]promptly-366- 33.OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat________toeducatetheirchildren.[A]efforts[B]pains[C]attempts（B）[D]endeavours34.Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould________hisownplanforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.[A]puton[B]putout[C]putin（D）[D]putforward35.Isupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingtobe________toit.[A]connected[B]fastened[C]bound（C）[D]stuck36.TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n)________ofwordswhicharecomparativeseldomusedinordinaryconversation.[A]altitude[B]latitude[C]multitude（C）[D]attitude37.Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe________oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.[A]dimension[B]volume[C]magnitude（D）[D]scope38.Yourimproperwordswillgive________todoubtsconcerningyourtrueintentions.[A]rise[B]reason[C]suspicion（A）-366- [D]impulse39.Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade________.[A]onthespot[B]onthesite[C]onthelocation（A）[D]ontheground40.Theremarkable________oflifeontheGalopagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.[A]classification[B]variety[C]density（B）[D]diversionSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis__41__theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesourceof__42__breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords__43__ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay__44__unfavorablereactionsinthelistener__45__interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.__46__,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake__47__difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe__48__whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe__49__toexplainordescribeina__50__thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.41.[A]of[B]at[C]for（A）[D]on42.[A]inaccessible[B]timely[C]likely（C）-366- [D]invalid43.[A]encourages[B]prevents[C]destroys（B）[D]offers44.[A]passout[B]takeaway[C]backup（D）[D]stirup45.[A]who[B]as[C]which（C）[D]what46.[A]Moreover[B]However[C]Preliminarily（A）[D]Unexpectedly47.[A]that[B]It[C]so（B）[D]this48.[A]speech[B]sense[C]message（C）[D]meaning49.[A]obscure[B]difficult[C]impossible（D）[D]unable50.[A]case[B]means-366- [C]method（D）[D]waySectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmen;andtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsuppliesofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.51.InLine11,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes”means________.[A]Americansareneversatisfiedwiththeirincomes[B]Americanstendtooverstatetheirincomes[C]Americanswanttohavetheirincomesincreased（D）-366- [D]Americanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpoweroftheirincomes52.Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphtellusthat________.[A]producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedproduction[B]consumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducers[C]producersdecidethepricesofproducts（D）[D]supplyanddemandregulateprices53.Accordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby________.[A]privatepropertyandrightsconcerned[B]manpowerandnaturalresourcescontrol[C]ownershipofproductiveresources（A）[D]freecontractsandprices54.Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]howAmericangoodsareproduced[B]howAmericanconsumersbuytheirgoods[C]howAmericaneconomicsystemworks（C）[D]howAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirprofitsText2OnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhotels,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyhere.Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstosupplierscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-analyzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughthe-366- useofcomputers.55.Accordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto________.[A]withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankashewishes[B]obtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopledo[C]enjoygreatertrustfromthestorekeeper（B）[D]cashmoneywhereverhewishesto56.Fromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcards[B]creditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatestoday[C]nowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayincash（C）[D]itisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanbefore57.Thephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans“________”.[A]makeanorderofgoods[B]recordsalesonacashregister[C]callthesalesmanager（B）[D]keeptrackofthegoodsinstock58.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?[A]Approachestothecommercialuseofcomputers.[B]Conveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinbusiness.[C]Significanceofautomationincommercialenterprises.（B）[D]Advantagesofcreditcardsinbusiness.Text3Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingplayersandthesceneryoftheplayitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding--theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseethestrengths,theweaknesses,thehopes,theprejudices,andthecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrong-366- feelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren--therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.59.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat________.[A]thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesociety[B]exceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenare[C]exceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandsociety（A）[D]theneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildren60.Thereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat________.[A]theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthesociety[B]theymightbecomeaburdenofthesociety[C]theyshouldfullydeveloptheirpotentials（C）[D]disabledchildrendeservespecialconsideration61.Thispassagemainlydealswith________.[A]thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningcapabilities[B]thedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernsociety[C]thespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalchildren（D）[D]thenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalchildren62.Fromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren________.[A]isnowenjoyinglegalsupport[B]disagreeswiththetraditionofthecountry[C]wasclearlystatedbythecountry’sfounders（A）[D]willexertgreatinfluenceovercourtdecisionsText4“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancer-366- cellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging--13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas.Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes,areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,becomescancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.Environmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminated;asHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,arebrighter.“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounteractitsaction.”63.TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto________.[A]predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinadecade[B]indicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerarebright[C]provethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtyyears（D）[D]warnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeconquered64.Theauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000,________.[A]therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients[B]90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbeliving[C]thesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancers（D）[D]therewon’tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerpatients65.Oncogenesarecancer-causinggenes________.[A]thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthyperson[B]whichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotactivated[C]thatcanbedrivenoutofnormalcells（B）[D]whichnormalcellscan’tturnoff-366- 66.Theword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans________.[A]dead[B]ever-present[C]inactive（C）[D]potentialText5Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidents.SirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemoldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventhebestplayersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheplayerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal--andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovationandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulabstractions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’snoparticularvirtueindoingthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikeplasticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragepersonwillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentdrummer.67.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind”inthefirstparagraph?[A]Apersonignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinexperimentation.[B]Acitizenofasocietythatrestrictspersonalcreativity.[C]Apersonwhohashadnoeducation.（A）[D]Anindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyaccident.68.Accordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-innovators?[A]Thevarietyofideastheyhave.[B]Theintelligencetheypossess.[C]Thewaytheydealwithproblems.（C）[D]Thewaytheypresenttheirfindings.-366- 69.TheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because________.[A]RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumancreativity[B]thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofdoingthings[C]thereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofview（B）[D]thequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslypresented70.Thephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare________.[A]diligentinpursuingtheirgoals[B]reluctanttofollowcommonwaysofdoingthings[C]devotedtotheprogressofscience（B）[D]concernedabouttheadvanceofsocietySectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedforceinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyears,toolsandtechnologythemselvesasasourceoffundamentalinnovationhavelargelybeenignoredbyhistoriansandphilosophersofscience.ThemodernschoolthathailstechnologyarguesthatsuchmastersasGalileo,Newton,Maxwell,Einstein,andinventorssuchasEdisonattachedgreatimportanceto,andderivedgreatbenefitfrom,craftinformationandtechnologicaldevicesofdifferentkindsthatwereusableinscientificexperiments.Thecenterpieceoftheargumentofatechnology-yes,genius-noadvocatewasananalysisofGalileo’sroleatthestartofthescientificrevolution.ThewisdomofthedaywasderivedfromPtolemy,anastronomerofthesecondcentury,whoseelaboratesystemoftheskyputEarthatthecenterofallheavenlymotions.(74)Galileo’sgreatestglorywasthatin1609hewasthefirstpersontoturnthenewlyinventedtelescopeontheheavenstoprovethattheplanetsrevolvearoundthesunratherthanaroundtheEarth.Buttherealheroofthestory,accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,wasthelongevolutionintheimprovementofmachineryformakingeyeglasses.Federalpolicyisnecessarilyinvolvedinthetechnologyvs.geniusdispute.(75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyorviceversaoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.SectionV:Writing-366- DIRECTIONS:[A]Title:ONMAKINGFRIENDS[B]TIMELIMIT:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.”[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Theneedforfriends2.Truefriendship3.Myprincipleinmakingfriends1994年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[C]2.[A]3.[A]4.[D]5.[C]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.[D]10.[B]PartB(5points)11.[D]even12.[A]obvious13.[B]hadcome14.[B]thatoftheearth15.[C]tohavebeeninvented16.[A]Muchas或Muchthough17.[B]make18.[A]Unless(=if...not)19.[C]删去but或将believing改为believe20.[C]agreatinterestinPartC(10points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[D]24.[B]25.[D]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[B]30.[B]31.[C]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[C]37.[D]38.[A]39.[A]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[B]44.[D]45.[C]46.[A]47.[B]48.[C]49.[D]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[D]53.[A]54.[C]55.[B]56.[C]57.[B]58.[B]59.[A]60.[C]-366- 61.[D]62.[A]63.[D]64.[D]65.[B]66.[C]67.[A]68.[C]69.[B]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.他们(新学派科学家们)说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。72.新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”73.工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。74.伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球。75.政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文（略）1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartA:Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1.Between1897and1919atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed________.[A]hadproduced[B]havebeenproduced[C]wouldhaveproduced（D）[D]hadbeenproduced2.Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofgettingcancerthan________inthe-366- publicmindtoday.[A]exists[B]exist[C]existing（A）[D]existed3.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds________hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.[A]whichtobaseon[B]onwhichtobase[C]tobaseonwhich（B）[D]whichtobebasedon4.________canhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.[A]Everybody[B]Anybody[C]Somebody（D）[D]Nobody5.Howmanyofus________,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswouldbeinterestedinthediscussion?[A]attended[B]Attending[C]toattend（B）[D]haveattended6.Hydrogenisthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse________itprovideshebuildingblocsfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.[A]sothat[B]butthat[C]inthat（C）[D]providedthat7.Wearetaughtthatabusinesslettershouldbewritteninaformalstyle________inapersonalone.[A]ratherthan[B]Otherthan[C]betterthan（A）-366- [D]lessthan8.________isgenerallyaccepted,economicalgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.[A]What[B]That[C]It（D）[D]As9.Itisbelievedthattoday’spopmusiccanserveasacreativeforce________stimulatingthethinkingofitslisteners.[A]by[B]with[C]at（A）[D]on10.Justasthesoilisapartoftheearth,________theatmosphere.[A]asitis[B]thesameas[C]sois（C）[D]andsoisPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11.TheconveniencesthatAmericansdesirereflecting[A]notsomuchaleisurely[B]lifestyleasabusylifestyleinwhichevenminutesoftimeare[C]toovaluabletobewasted[D].（[A]reflect）12.Indebatingonemustcorrecttheopponent’s[A]facts,denytherelevanceofhisproof,ordenythat[B]what[C]hepresentsasproof,unless[D]relevant,issufficient.（[D]if）13.Wearenotconsciousof[A]theextentofwhich[B]providesthepsychologicalsatisfactionthat[C]canmakethedifference[D]betweenafullandanemptylife.（[B]towhich）14.ThePortuguesegive[A]agreatdealofcredittooneman[B]forhavingpromoted[C]seatravel,thatmanwas[D]PrinceHenrythenavigator,wholivedinthe15thcentury.（[D]being）-366- 15.Accountsof[A]scientificexperimentsaregenerallycorrectfor[B]thosewriteabout[C]sciencearecarefulinchecking[D]theaccuracyoftheirreports.（[C]writingabout或whowriteabout）16.wheneverwehearof[A]anaturaldisaster,even[B]inadistantpartoftheworld,wefeelsympathy[C]forthepeopletohaveaffected[D].（[D]affected）17.Itisperhapsnotanexaggerationtosay[A]thatweshallsoonbetrusting[B]ourhealth,wealthandhappinesstoelementswithwhom[C]verynamesthegeneralpublicare[D]unfamiliar.（[C]whose）18.Thespeakerclaimedthatnoother[A]modernnationdevotessosmall[B]aportionofitswealthtopublicassistanceandhealththan[C]theUnitedStatesdoes[D].（[C]as）19.Therearethosewhoconsideritquestionablethatthesedefence-linked[A]researchprojectswillaccountfor[B]animprovementinthestandardoflivingor,alternately,todomuch[C]toprotectourdiminishing[D]resources.（[C]domuch）20.Ifindividualsareawakened[A]eachtimeas[B]theybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelytobecomeirritableeventhough[C]theirtotalamountofsleephasbeen[D]sufficient.（[B]eachtime）PartC:Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Inthatcountry,gueststendtofeeltheyarenothighly________iftheinvitationtoadinnerpartyisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.[A]admired[B]regarded[C]expected（B）[D]worshipped22.[A]________ofthelongreportbythebudgetcommittedwassubmittedtothemayorforapproval.[A]shorthand[B]scheme[C]schedule（D）[D]sketch23.[A]manhastomake________forhisoldagebyputtingasideenoughmoneytoliveonwhenold.-366- [A]supply[B]assurance[C]provision（C）[D]adjustment24.Thenewly-builtScienceBuildingseems________enoughtolastahundredyears.[A]spacious[B]sophisticated[C]substantial（C）[D]steady25.Itiswell-knownthattheretiredworkersinourcountryare________freemedicalcare.[A]entitledto[B]involvedin[C]associatedwith（A）[D]assignedto26.Thefarmersweremoreanxiousforrainthanthepeopleinthecitybecausetheyhadmoreat________.[A]danger[B]stake[C]loss（B）[D]threat27.Ifelt________todeathbecauseIcouldmakenothingofthechairman’sspeech.[A]fatigued[B]tired[C]exhausted（D）[D]bored28.Whentheenginewouldnotstart,themechanicinspectedallthepartstofindwhatwasat________.[A]wrong[B]trouble[C]fault（C）[D]difficulty29.Youradvicewouldbe________valuabletohim,whoisatpresentathiswit’send.-366- [A]exceedingly[B]excessively[C]extensively（A）[D]exclusively30.Hefailedtocarryoutsomeoftheprovisionsofthecontract,andnowhehasto________theconsequences.[A]answerfor[B]runinto[C]abideby（A）[D]stepinto31.Theriverisalready________itsbanksbecauseofexcessiverainfall;andthecityisthreatenedwithalikelyflood.[A]parallelto[B]levelin[C]flaton（D）[D]flushwith32.People________thatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.[A]convinced[B]anticipated[C]resolved（B）[D]assured33.Inspiteofthewiderangeofreadingmaterialspeciallywrittenor________forlanguagelearningpurposes,thereisyetnocomprehensivesystematicprogrammedforthereadingskills.[A]adapted[B]acknowledged[C]assembled（A）[D]appointed34.Themothersaidshewould________hersonwashingthedishedifhecouldfinishhisassignmentbeforesupper.[A]letdown[B]letalone[C]letoff（C）[D]letout-366- 35.Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat________decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.[A]urgent[B]hasty[C]instant（B）[D]prompt36.Johncomplainedtothebooksellerthattherewereseveralpages________inthedictionary.[A]missing[B]losing[C]dropping（A）[D]leaking37.Inthepast,mostforestershavebeenmen,buttoday,thenumberofwomen________thisfieldisclimbing.[A]engaging[B]devoting[C]registering（D）[D]pursuing38.Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit________,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.[A]athand[B]inturn[C]inconclusion（D）[D]atlength39.Theirdemandforapayraisehasnottheslightest________ofbeingmet.[A]prospect[B]prediction[C]prosperity（A）[D]permission40.It’susuallythecasethatpeopleseldombehaveina________waywheninafuriousstate.[A]stable[B]rational[C]legal（B）[D]credibleSectionII:CloseTest-366- Directions:Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.__41__kindofsleepisatallwellunderstood,butREMsleepis__42__toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore__43__.Thenewexperiments,suchasthese__44__forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexplanations__45__ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep__46__is100percentfataltorats,yet,__47__examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow__48__themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats__49__bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,__50__theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--hadcrashed.41.[A]Either[B]Neither[C]Each（B）[D]Any42.[A]intended[B]required[C]assumed（C）[D]inferred43.[A]subtle[B]obvious[C]mysterious（C）[D]doubtful44.[A]maintained[B]described[C]settled（B）[D]afforded45.[A]inthelight[B]byvirtue[C]withtheexception（D）[D]forthepurpose-366- 46.[A]reduction[B]destruction[C]deprivation（C）[D]restriction47.[A]upon[B]by[C]through（A）[D]with48.[A]paidattentionto[B]caughtsightof[C]laidemphasison（D）[D]castlighton49.[A]develop[B]produce[C]stimulate（A）[D]induce50.[A]if[B]asif[C]onlyif（B）[D]ifonlySectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceof-366- yourtelevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubled,andtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodvalue.AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof.ThereisonemorepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade.Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation--andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive--advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants.51.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat________.[A]heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofadvertising[B]everybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyconsuming[C]advertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingelse（D）[D]itisworthwhiletospendmoneyonadvertising52.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofadvertising?[A]Securinggreaterfame.[C]Enhancinglivingstandards.[B]Providingmorejobs.（A）[D]Reducingnewspapercost.53.Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis________.[A]verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentonadvertising[B]interestedinnothingbutthebuyers’attention[C]correctintellingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandinformation（D）[D]obviouslypartialinhisviewsonadvertising54.Intheauthor’sopinion,________.[A]advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidinginformation[B]advertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemover-366- [C]thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthebuyer（C）[D]thebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanadvertisementText2Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymay“fail”atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking.55.Apersonisgenerallybelievedtoachievepersonalgrowthwhen________.[A]hehasgivenuphissmokinghabit[B]hehasmadegreateffortsinhiswork[C]heiskeenonleaninganythingnew（A）[D]hehastriedtodeterminewhereheisonhisjourney56.Intheauthor’seyes,onewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________.[A]succeedinclimbingupthesocialladder[B]judgehisabilitytogrowfromhisownachievements[C]facedifficultiesandtakeupchallenges（C）[D]aimhighandreachhisgoaleachtime57.Whentheauthorsays“anewwayofbeing”(line2~3,Para.3)heisreferringto________.[A]anewapproachtoexperiencingtheworld-366- [C]anewmethodofperceivingourselves[B]anewwayoftakingrisks（A）[D]anewsystemofadaptationtochange58.Forpersonalgrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingexcept________.[A]curiosityaboutmorechances[C]open-mindednesstonewexperiences[B]promptnessinself-adaptation（D）[D]avoidanceofinternalfearsanddoubtsText3Insuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsbecomecomplicated.Manyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.Wheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsfacingmanypeopletoday.Inadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingquantityofinformationisthedevelopmentoftechnologieswhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecificinformation.Telecommunicationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviatelevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Satelliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethroughteleconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.“Knowledge-366- ispower”maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.59.Theword“it”(line3,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto________.[A]thelackofstablecommunities[B]thebreakdownofinformalinformationchannels[C]theincreasedmobilityoffamilies（B）[D]thegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromplacetoplace60.Themainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefactthat________.[A]theyhavetolearnnewthingsconsciously[B]theylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthyinformation[C]theyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationreadily（C）[D]theycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedfamily61.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]electronicmailwillsoonplayadominantroleintransmittingmessages[B]itwillbecomemoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationera[C]peoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsorconferences（A）[D]eventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsatellites62.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspossible[B]peopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformation[C]weshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatinginformation（D）[D]itisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationefficientlyText4Personalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelytobecomeamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OneplacewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe‘winatallcosts’moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:“Rejoice,weconquer!”Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasison-366- examinations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.TheworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.63.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsareusually________.[A]impatient[B]considerate[C]aggressive（C）[D]agreeable64.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschoolsbecause________.[A]thepressureistoogreatonthestudents[B]somestudentsareboundtofail[C]failureratesaretoohigh（B）[D]theresultsofexanimationsaredoubtful65.Theselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybasedon________.[A]candidates’sensitivity[B]academicachievements[C]competitivespirit（B）[D]surervalues66.Fromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusionthat________.[A]thepersonalityofachildiswellestablishedatbirth[B]familyinfluencedominatestheshapingofone’scharacteristics[C]thedevelopmentofone’spersonalityisduetomultiplefactors（C）[D]B-typecharacteristicscanfindnoplaceincompetitivesocietyText5Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularly-366- namedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaseffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection.Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspects,itishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thisforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffersgrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance.67.Fromtheevolutionarypointofview,________.[A]forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyinadaptive[B]ifapersongetsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeveryadaptive[C]thegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual’sadaptability（D）[D]suddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveconsequences68.Accordingtothepassage,ifapersonneverforgot,________.[A]hewouldsurvivebest[B]hewouldhavealotoftrouble[C]hisabilitytolearnwouldbeenhanced（B）[D]theevolutionofmemorywouldstop69.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthat________.[A]forgetfulnessisaresponsetolearning[B]thememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputsystem-366- [C]memoryisacompensationforforgetting（A）[D]thecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingoccurs70.Inthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________.[A]remembering[B]forgetting[C]adapting（B）[D]experiencingSectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltestthatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitarypersonnelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andevenincongress.71)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifiedconditions.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.72)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhatapersonlearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.73)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.74)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.75)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonottellhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.SectionV:Writing-366- DIRECTIONS:[A]Title:THE“PROJECTHOPE”[B]Timelimit:40minutes[C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Educationplaysaveryimportantroleinthemodernizationofourcountry.”[E]YourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Presentsituation2.Necessityoftheproject3.Mysuggestion1995年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[D]2.[A]3.[B]4.[D]5.[B]6.[C]7.[A]8.[D]9.[A]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]reflect12.[D]if13.[B]towhich14.[D]being15.[C]writingabout或whowriteabout16.[D]affected17.[C]whose18.[C]as19.[C]domuch20.[B]eachtimePartC(10points)21.[B]22.[D]23.[C]24.[C]25.[A]26.[B]27.[D]28.[C]29.[A]30.[A]31.[D]32.[B]33.[A]34.[C]35.[B]36.[A]37.[D]38.[D]39.[A]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[B]42.[C]43.[C]44.[B]45.[D]46.[C]47.[A]48.[D]49.[A]50.[B]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[A]53.[D]54.[C]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[C]-366- 61.[A]62.[D]63.[C]64.[B]65.[B]66.[C]67.[D]68.[B]69.[A]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。72.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。73.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。74.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。75.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文（略）1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)1.Doyouenjoylisteningtorecords?Ifindrecordsareoften________,orbetterthananactualperformance.[A]asgoodas[B]asgood[C]good（A）[D]goodas2.Mypain________apparentthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetasked-366- sympathetically:“Areyoufeelingallright?”[A]mustbe[B]had[C]musthavebeen（C）[D]hadtobe3.Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme________shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.[A]eversince[B]muchas[C]eventhough（D）[D]ifonly4.Observationsweremade________thechildrenatthebeginningandattheendofpre-schoolandfirstgrade.[A]towards[B]of[C]on（B）[D]with5.Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,each________onemajorpointincontrastwiththeother.[A]makes[B]made[C]istomake（D）[D]making6.Asafetyanalysis________thetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.[A]wouldidentify[B]willidentify[C]wouldhaveidentified（C）[D]willhaveidentified7.Thenumberofregisteredparticipantsinthisyear’smarathonwashalf________.[A]oflastyear’s[B]thoseoflastyear’s[C]ofthoseoflastyear（D）[D]thatoflastyear’s-366- 8.Forthere________successfulcommunication,theremustbeattentivenessandinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.[A]is[B]tobe[C]willbe（B）[D]being9.TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently________whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.[A]giving[B]gave[C]togive（A）[D]given10.Noonewouldhavetimetoreadorlistentoanaccountofeverything________goingonintheworld.[A]itis[B]asis[C]thereis（C）[D]whatisPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11.I’dratheryouwouldgo[A]bytrain,becauseIcan’tbear[B]theideaofyourbeing[C]inanairplaneinsuch[D]badweather.（[A]went）12.It’sessentialthatpeoplebe[A]psychological[B]abletoresisttheimpactbroughtabout[C]bythetransitionformplanned[D]economytomarketeconomy.（[B]psychologically）13.Somebossesdisliketoallow[A]peopletoshare[B]theirresponsibilities;theykeepall[C]importantmatterstightly[D]intheirownhands.（[A]allowing）14.Eachcigarettewhichapersonsmokesdoes[A]some[B]harm,andeventuallyyou[C]maygetaseriousdiseasefromits[D]effect.（[C]he）15.Onthewhole[A],ambitiousstudentsaremuchlikely[B]tosucceedintheirstudiesthanare-366- those[C]with[D]littleambition.（[B]aremorelikely）16.Despite[A]muchresearch,therearestillcertainelementsin[B]thelifecycleoftheinsectthatis[C]notfullyunderstood[D].（[C]are）17.In1921EinsteinwontheNobelPrize,andwashonored[A]inGermanyuntiltherise[B]ofNazismthen[C]hewasdrivenfrom[D]GermanybecausehewasaJew.（[C]when）18.Thedatareceived[A]fromthetwospacecrafts[B]whirlingaroundMarsindicate[C]thatthereismuchevidencethathugethunderstormsareoccurring[D]abouttheequatoroftheplanet.（[B]twospacecraft）19.Generallyspeaking,thebirdflyingacross[A]ourpathisobserved,andtheone[B]stayingonthetreenearathand[C]ispassedbywithoutanynoticetaking[D]ofit.（[D]taken）20.Mercury’svelocityissomuch[A]greaterthantheEarth’s[B]thatitcompletesmorethanfourrevolutionsaroundtheSuninthetimethat[C]takestheEarthtocompleteone[D].（[C]it）PartC:Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.IwasspeakingtoAnnonthephonewhensuddenlywewere________.[A]hungup[B]hungback[C]cutdown（D）[D]cutoff22.Shewonderedifshecouldhavetheopportunitytospend________heresothatshecouldlearnmoreaboutthecity.[A]sometimes[B]sometime[C]sometime（B）[D]sometimes23.Ms.Greenhasbeenlivingintownforonlyoneyear,yetsheseemstobe________witheveryonewhocomestothestore.[A]accepted[B]admitted[C]admired（D）-366- [D]acquainted24.Hedoesnot________asateacherofEnglishashispronunciationisterrible.[A]equal[B]match[C]qualify（C）[D]fit25.Dozensofscientificgroupsallovertheworldhavebeen________thegoalofapracticalandeconomicwaytousesunlighttosplitwatermolecules.[A]pursuing[B]chasing[C]reaching（A）[D]winning26.Thediscussionwassoprolongedandexhaustingthat________thespeakersstoppedforrefreshments.[A]atlarge[B]atintervals[C]atease（B）[D]atrandom27.Whentravelling,youareadvisedtotaketravellers’checks,whichprovideasecure________tocarryingyourmoneyincash.[A]substitute[B]selection[C]preference（D）[D]alternative28.InevertrustedhimbecauseIalwaysthoughtofhimassucha________character.[A]gracious[B]suspicious[C]unique（B）[D]particular29.Changingfromsolidtoliquid,watertakesinheatfromallsubstancesnearit,andthis________producesartificialcoldsurroundingit.[A]absorption[B]transition-366- [C]consumption（A）[D]interaction30.Ididn’tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely________myideastoproveyourpoint.[A]revising[B]contradicting[C]distorting（C）[D]distracting31.Language,culture,andpersonalitymaybeconsidered________ofeachotherinthought,buttheyareinseparableinfact.[A]indistinctly[B]separately[C]irrelevantly（D）[D]independently32.Watchingmepullingthecalfawkwardlytothebarn,theIrishmilkmaidfoughthardto________herlaughter.[A]holdback[B]holdon[C]holdout（A）[D]holdup33.Themanagergaveoneofthesalesgirlsanaccusinglookforher________attitudetowardcustomers.[A]impartial[B]mild[C]hostile（C）[D]opposing34.I________withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn.[A]express[B]confess[C]verify（D）[D]acknowledge35.Itisstrictly________thataccesstoconfidentialdocumentsisdeniedtoallbutafew.[A]secured[B]forbidden-366- [C]regulated（C）[D]determined36.ThepollutionquestionaswellasseveralotherissuesisgoingtobediscussedwhentheCongressisin________againnextspring.[A]assembly[B]session[C]conference（B）[D]convention37.ChristmasisaChristianholydayusuallycelebratedonDecember25th________thebirthofJesusChrist.[A]inaccordancewith[B]intermsof[C]infavorof（D）[D]inhonorof38.Sinceitistoolatetochangemymindnow,Iam________tocarryingouttheplan.[A]obliged[B]committed[C]engaged（B）[D]resolved39.Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butit________aswellaswehadhoped.[A]cameoff[B]wentoff[C]broughtout（A）[D]madeout40.Tosurviveintheintensetradecompetitionbetweencountries,wemust________thequalitiesandvarietiesofproductswemaketotheworld-marketdemand.[A]improve[B]enhanced[C]guarantee（D）[D]gearSectionII:CloseTestDirections:-366- Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,__41__dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor__42__foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif__43__ismissingadeficiencydiseasebecomes__44__.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements--usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and__45__nitrogen.Theyaredifferent__46__theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin__47__oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.__48__enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusefor__49__vitamins.Manypeople,__50__,believeinbeingonthe“safeside”andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody’svitaminneeds.41.[A]either[B]so[C]nor（C）[D]never42.[A]shifting[B]transferring[C]altering（D）[D]transforming43.[A]any[B]some[C]anything（A）[D]something44.[A]serious[B]apparent[C]severe（B）[D]fatal45.[A]mostly[B]partially[C]sometimes（C）[D]rarely-366- 46.[A]inthat[B]sothat[C]suchthat（A）[D]exceptthat47.[A]undertakes[B]holds[C]plays（D）[D]performs48.[A]Supplying[B]Getting[C]Providing（B）[D]Furnishing49.[A]exceptional[B]exceeding[C]excess（C）[D]external50.[A]nevertheless[B]therefore[C]moreover（A）[D]meanwhileSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)TextlTight-lippedeldersusedtosay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocook-366- first,andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,“It’snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.”?[A]You’llcertainlygetwhatyouwant.[B]It’snousedreaming.[C]Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.（B）[D]It’sessentialtosetagoalforyourself.52.[A]blueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas________.[A]anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob[B]anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob[C]aguidelineforjobdescription（A）[D]aprincipleforjobevaluation53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause________.[A]thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer[B]thatistherequirementoftheemployer[C]itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices（D）[D]itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething________.[A]definitetooffer[B]imaginarytoprovide[C]practicaltosupply（A）-366- [D]desirabletopresentText2WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation’snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostation.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children’sprogrammesandfilmsforanannuallicensefeeof83poundsperhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC’sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC’sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan“Ifitain’tbroke,don’tfixit.”TheBBC“ain’tbroke,”theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‘broke’,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels--TVandChannel4--wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment’sBroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsatellitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers’subscriptions--whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces________.[A]theproblemofnewcoverage[B]anuncertainprospect[C]inquiriesbythegeneralpublic（B）[D]shrinkageofaudience56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyissue?[A]ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.[B]Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.[C]Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.（C）[D]Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.57.TheBBC’s“royalcharter”(Line4,Paragraph3)standsfor________.[A]thefinancialsupportfromtheroyalfamily-366- [B]theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen[C]acontractwiththeQueen（C）[D]auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan________.[A]theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels[B]theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment[C]theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs（D）[D]thechallengeofnewsatellitechannelsText3Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labour”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld’smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders’meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother’sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.-366- 59.It’strueoftheoldfamilyfirmsthat________.[A]theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations[B]theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative[C]theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderncompanies（C）[D]theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin________.[A]theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement[B]theownershipofcapitalbymanagers[C]theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses（A）[D]theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat________.[A]theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers[B]theoldfirmownershandabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers[C]thelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly（C）[D]thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole62.Theauthorismostcriticalof________.[A]familyfilmowners[B]landowners[C]managers（D）[D]shareholdersText4WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry’sexcellentelementaryschools;alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,“spatial”thinkingaboutthingstechnological.Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,“Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman.”Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe“premium”system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,-366- cashprizesandotherincentives.IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,“Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist.”Thisnonverbal“spatial”thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,“Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea.”Whenalltheseshapingforces--schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking--interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto________.[A]elementaryschools[B]enthusiasticworkers[C]theattractivepremiumsystem（D）[D]aspecialwayofthinking64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics________.[A]benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge[B]shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement[C]wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining（A）[D]owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment65.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause________.[A]theyarebothwinnersofawards[B]theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking[C]theybothabandonverbaldescription（B）[D]theybothusevariousinstruments66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe________.[A]InventiveMind[B]EffectiveSchooling-366- [B]WaysofThinking（A）[D]OutpouringofInventionsText5Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.“Scientific”creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor“equaltime”intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard“scientific”creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:“Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.”Andsoitdoes--andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate.67.“Creationism”inthepassagerefersto________.[A]evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse[B]anotionofthecreationofreligion[C]thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation（D）[D]thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse68.Kitcher’sbookisintendedto________.[A]recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists[B]exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists[C]cursebitterlyatthisopponents（B）[D]launchasurpriseattackoncreationists69.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat________.[A]reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate[B]creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning-366- [C]evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists（B）[D]creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof________.[A]abookreview[B]ascientificpaper[C]amagazinefeature（A）[D]anewspapereditorialSectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Thedifferencesinrelativegrowthofvariousareasofscientificresearchhaveseveralcauses.71)Someofthesecausesarecompletelyreasonableresultsofsocialneeds.Othersarereasonableconsequencesofparticularadvancesinsciencebeingtosomeextentself-accelerating.Some,however,arelessreasonableprocessesofdifferentgrowthinwhichpreconceptionoftheformscientifictheoryoughttotake,bypersonsinauthority,acttoalterthegrowthpatternofdifferentareas.Thisisanewproblemprobablynotyetunavoidable;butitisafrighteningtrend.72)ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.Itisthereforegenerallyvaluabletotreatthescientificestablishmentasaresourceormachinetobekeptinfunctionalorder.73)Thisseemsmostlyeffectivelydonebysupportingacertainamountofresearchnotrelatedtoimmediategoalsbutofpossibleconsequenceinthefuture.Thiskindofsupport,likeallgovernmentsupport,requiresdecisionsabouttheappropriaterecipientsoffunds.Decisionsbasedonutilityasopposedtolackofutilityarestraightforward.Butdecisionamongprojectsnoneofwhichhasimmediateutilityismoredifficult.Thegoalofthesupportingagenciesisthepraisableoneofsupporting“good”asopposedto“bad”science,butavaliddeterminationisdifficulttomake.Generally,theideaofgoodsciencetendstobecomeconfusedwiththecapacityofthefieldinquestiontogenerateaneleganttheory.74)However,theworldissomadethatelegantsystemsareinprincipleunabletodealwithsomeoftheworld’smorefascinatinganddelightfulaspects.75)Newformsofthoughtaswellasnewsubjectsforthoughtmustariseinthefutureastheyhaveinthepast,givingrisetonewstandardsofelegance.SectionV:Writing76.DIRECTIONS:[A]Title:GOODHEALTH[B]Timelimit:40minutes-366- [C]Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningsentence)[D]YourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:“Thedesireforgoodhealthisuniversal.”[E]YourcompositionshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)OUTLINE:1.Importanceofgoodhealth2.Waystokeepfit3.Myownpractices1996年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[A]2.[C]3.[D]4.[B]5.[D]6.[C]7.[D]8.[B]9.[A]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]went12.[B]psychologically13.[A]allowing14.[C]he15.[B]aremorelikely16.[C]are17.[C]when18.[B]twospacecraft19.[D]taken20.[C]itPartC(10points)21.[D]22.[B]23.[D]24.[C]25.[A]26.[B]27.[D]28.[B]29.[A]30.[C]31.[D]32.[A]33.[C]34.[D]35.[C]36.[B]37.[D]38.[B]39.[A]40.[D]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[C]42.[D]43.[A]44.[B]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[B]49.[C]50.[A]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[B]52.[A]53.[D]54.[A]55.[B]56.[C]57.[C]58.[D]59.[C]60.[A]61.[C]62.[D]63.[D]64.[A]65.[B]66.[A]67.[D]68.[B]69.[B]70.[A]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)-366- 71.在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。72.这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。73.给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。74.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。75.同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文GOODHEALTHWhereveryouareandwhateveryoudo,stayinghealthyisalwaysimportant.Withtheimprovementofourlivingstandards,peopleareattachingmoreandmoreimportancetotheirhealth.Westudentscan’tkeepthehighstudyefficiencywithoutgoodhealth.Thesamethingistruewithworkers,scientistsanddoctors.Inmyopinion,gooddietandexercisesaretwomajorwaystokeephealthy.Thefoodweeateverydaymustberationalandshouldincludemeat,vegetables,eggs,andfruit.Itisimportanttodrinkwatereverydayandnottogetaddictedtodrinkingcoffeeorsomeothersoftdrinks.Exercisingeverydayisalsoessentialforustostayhealthy.Wecanridebicycles,playtennisorswim.Ofcoursewedon’tneedtoexhaustourselves.Weshouldplanourphysicalexercisesaccordingtoouractualcondition.Anhouradayisenough.Asauniversitystudent,Ihavemuchfreetimetodoexercises.Iusuallyplaybadmintonandtennis.ButsometimesIamlazyanddonotexerciseforallkindsofexcuses,suchascoldweatherandexams.Imustcorrectit.Iamalsocarefulwithmydiet.Inaway,keepinghealthyisnotveryhard,ifyoujusttakeitseriously.1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],B),[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)-366- 1.TheSocialSecurityRetirementProgramismadeupoftwotrustfunds,________couldgopennilessbynextyear.[A]thelargerone[B]thelargerofwhich[C]thelargestone（B）[D]thelargestofwhich2.Nowhereinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoitsalways________withotherelements,mostcommonlywithoxygen.[A]combined[B]havingcombined[C]combine（D）[D]beingcombined3.Andrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthepicnic,________tothefamily’sdisappointment.[A]much[B]more[C]toomuch（A）[D]muchmore4.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI________fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.[A]were[B]hadbeen[C]havebeen（D）[D]was5.HelpwillcomefromtheUN,buttheaidwillbe________nearwhat’sneeded.[A]everywhere[B]somewhere[C]nowhere（C）[D]anywhere6.Thechiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomuchariseinbirthrates________afallindeathratesasaresultofimprovementsinmedicalcare.[A]and[B]as[C]but（B）-366- [D]or7.Heclaimstobeanexpertinastronomy,butinactualfactheisquiteignorantonthesubject.________heknowsaboutitisoutofdateandinaccurate.[A]Whatlittle[B]Somuch[C]Howmuch（A）[D]Solittle8.Althoughwefeeldissatisfiedwiththeelectionresults,wehavetobecomereconciled________thedecisionmadebyourfellowcountrymen.[A]for[B]on[C]to（C）[D]in9.Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphone________tothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.[A]adding[B]tohaveadded[C]toadd（D）[D]added10.ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly________.[A]noticed[B]tobenoticed[C]beingnoticed（B）[D]tonoticePartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)Example:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibitionwhich[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.-366- Part[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].11.AlthoughProfessorGreen’slecturesusuallyranover[A]thefiftyminute[B]period,butnone[C]ofhisstudentseven[D]objectedastheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeandinteresting.（C）12.When[A]Edisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeopleturnedoff[B]allpower[C]intheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesforseveralminutesinhonorof[D]thisgreatman.（B）13.Theypointedout[A]thedamagewhich[B]theysupposedthat[C]hadbeendonebylastnight’s[D]storm.（B）14.Becauseof[A]therecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrotherandmefromswimming[B]intheriverunless[C]someoneagreestowatch[D]overus.（B）15.Agreatmany[A]teachersfirmly[B]believethatEnglishisoneofthepooresttaught[C]subjectsinhighschoolsatpresent.[D]（C）16.Inthiswaytheseinsectsshowanefficientuseoftheirsoundproduced[A]ability,organizing[B]twosoundsdelivered[C]atahighrateasonecall.[D]（A）17.Ithoughtthetechnicianwastoblame[A]fortheblowing[B]ofthefuse,butIseenowhow[C]Iwas[D]mistaken.（C）18.Forhimtobereelected,[A]whatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,[B]butthat[C]thepublicbelievethatitis.[D]（D）19.Asfaras[A]Iamconcerned,hispoliticsare[B]ratherconservativecompared[C]withotherpoliticians.[D]（D）20.I’dsaywheneveryouaregoing[A]aftersomethingthatisbelonging[B]toyou,anyonewhoisdepriving[C]youoftherighttohaveitiscriminal.[D]（B）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],B),[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished-366- [B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].21.Whenworkersareorganizedintradeunions,employersfindithardtolaythem________.[A]off[B]aside[C]out（A）[D]down22.Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured________thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.[A]inlinewith[B]intermsof[C]inregardwith（B）[D]bymeansof23.HehasfailedmesomanytimesthatInolongerplaceany________onwhathepromises.[A]faith[B]belief[C]credit（D）[D]reliance24.Mystudentsfoundthebook________:itprovidedthemwithanabundanceofinformationonthesubject.[A]enlightening[B]confusing[C]distracting（A）[D]amusing25.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslytheshakinessinthefinancialsystemwill________downtheeconomy.[A]put[B]settle[C]drag（C）[D]knock-366- 26.Inthisfactorythemachinesarenotregulated________butarejointlycontrolledbyacentralcomputersystem.[A]independently[B]individually[C]irrespectively（A）[D]irregularly27.Everychemicalchangeeitherresultsfromenergybeingusedtoproducethechange,orcausesenergytobe________insomeform.[A]givenoff[B]putout[C]setoff（A）[D]usedup28.Ifbusinessmenaretaxedtoomuch,theywillnolongerbemotivatedtoworkhard,withtheresultthatincomesfromtaxationmightactually________.[A]shrink[B]delay[C]disperse（A）[D]sink29.Americancompaniesareevolvingfrommass-productionmanufacturingto________enterprises.[A]moveable[B]changing[C]flexible（C）[D]varying30.Ifyouknowwhatthetroubleis,whydon’tyouhelpthemto________thesituation?[A]simplify[B]modify[C]verify（D）[D]rectify31.Ican’t________whathashappenedtothevegetables,fortheywerefreshlypickedthismorning.[A]figureout[B]drawout[C]lookout（A）-366- [D]workout32.ItriedveryhardtopersuadehimtojoinourgroupbutImetwithaflat________.[A]disapproval[B]rejection[C]refusal（C）[D]decline33.Fromthismaterialwecan________hundredsofwhatyoumaycalldirectproducts.[A]derive[B]discern[C]diminish（A）[D]displace34.Shehadclearlyno________ofdoinganywork,althoughshewasverywellpaid.[A]tendency[B]ambition[C]intention（C）[D]willingness35.Whatseemsconfusingorfragmentedatfirstmightwellbecome________athirdtime.[A]cleanandmeasurable[B]notableandsystematic[C]pureandwholesome（D）[D]clearandorganic36.Thepublicopinionwasthatthetimewasnot________fortheelectionofsucharadicalcandidateasMr.Jones.[A]reasonable[B]ripe[C]ready（B）[D]practical37.Hudsonsaidhecouldnotkillalivingthingexceptforthe________ofhunger.[A]sensation[B]cause[C]purpose（D）[D]motive-366- 38.Forthenewcountrytosurvive,________foritspeopletoenjoyprosperity,neweconomicpolicieswillberequired.[A]tonameafew[B]letalone[C]nottospeak（B）[D]let’ssay39.Foreigndisinvestmentandthe________ofSouthAfricafromworldcapitalmarketsafter1985furtherweakeneditseconomy.[A]displacement[B]elimination[C]exclusion（C）[D]exception40.Whenanumberofpeople________togetherinaconversationalknot,eachindividualexpresseshispositioninthegroupbywherehestands.[A]pad[B]pack[C]squeeze（D）[D]clusterSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’slargesttemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itspeople__41__intotheofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’spay.Onedayatatime.__42__industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandIBMstruggletosurvive__43__reducingthenumberofemployees,Manpower,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isbooming.__44__itseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSisincreasinglybecominganationofparttimersandtemporaryworkers.This__45__workforceisthemostimportant__46__inAmericanbusinesstoday,anditis__47__changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremaingloballycompetitive__48__avoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingburdens__49__byemploymentrules,healthcarecostsandpensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,benefitsandsenseof__50__thatcamefrombeingaloyalemployee.41.[A]swarm-366- [B]stride[C]separate（A）[D]slip42.[A]For[B]Because[C]As（C）[D]Since43.[A]from[B]in[C]on（D）[D]by44.[A]Eventhough[B]Nowthat[C]Ifonly（A）[D]Providedthat45.[A]durable[B]disposable[C]available（B）[D]transferable46.[A]approach[B]flow[C]fashion（D）[D]trend47.[A]instantly[B]reversely[C]fundamentally（C）[D]sufficiently48.[A]but[B]while[C]and（B）[D]whereas-366- 49.[A]imposed[B]restricted[C]illustrated（A）[D]confined50.[A]excitement[B]conviction[C]enthusiasm（D）[D]importanceSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],B),[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Text1Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldhistory.”Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIIIlawhasleftphysiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehavebreathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,righttolifegroupsandtheAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia--whereanagingpopulation,lifeextendingtechnologyandchangingcommunityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart--otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherighttodiemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath--probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill--toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillbytwodoctors.Aftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54yearoldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIIIlawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,because-366- I’vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,”hesays.51.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat________.[A]theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries[B]physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia[C]changingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw（D）[D]ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw’spassage52.Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans________.[A]observersaretakingawaitandseeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia[B]similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries[C]observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes（B）[D]theeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop53.WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill________.[A]facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia[B]experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient[C]haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering（A）[D]undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays54.Theauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof________.[A]opposition[B]suspicion[C]approval（C）[D]indifferenceText2AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Smallmindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.It-366- wasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate”culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenanAmericanusestheword“friend,”theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.55.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,________.[A]rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS[B]smallmindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment[C]Canadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighbors（D）[D]mostAmericansarereadytoofferhelp56.Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship[B]courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated[C]variousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends（A）[D]socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventions57.Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers________.[A]toimprovetheirhardlife[B]inviewoftheirlongdistancetravel[C]toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife（C）[D]outofacharitableimpulse58.Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers________.[A]tendstobesuperficialandartificial[B]isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStates-366- [C]isalwaysunderstoodproperly（B）[D]wassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrailsText3Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifesting”)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’sstateofconsciousness.59.“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse”inthat________.[A]substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused[B]“drugabuse”isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers[C]alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine（D）[D]manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous60.Theword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean________.[A]widespread[B]overwhelming[C]piercing（A）[D]fashionable61.Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom________.[A]uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime[B]exclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes-366- [C]quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases（A）[D]carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptoms62.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat________.[A]stimulantsfunctionpositivelyonthemind[B]hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealth[C]depressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstances（B）[D]thethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroupsText4Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoulsearchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedomandthecorporatebottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto17.3billionaftertwonewcabledealsclose.Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingimpatiently.Theflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIceT’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournalcolumn,“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesfreedomofthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverdisputableorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tretreatinthefaceofanythreats.”Levinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishardlinestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’sstockholders’meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety’sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”-366- 63.SenatorRobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor________.[A]itsraisingofthecorporatestockprice[B]itsself-examinationofsoul[C]itsneglectofsocialresponsibility（C）[D]itsemphasisoncreativefreedom64.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[A]LuceisaspokesmanofTimeWarner.[B]GeraldLevinisliabletocompromise.[C]TimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceofthedebate.（D）[D]SteveRossisnolongeralive.65.Infaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman________.[A]stucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpression[B]softenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicy[C]changedhisattitudeandyieldedtoobjection（B）[D]receivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberboard66.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe________.[A]ACompanyunderFire[B]ADebateonMoralDecline[C]ALawfulOutletofStreetCulture（A）[D]AFormofCreativeFreedomText5Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicytodrivingacarwithablackenedwindscreen,acrackedrearviewmirrorandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicated.Inlate1994thepanelofeconomistswhichTheEconomistpollseachmonthsaidthatAmerica’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellto2.6%inAugust,andexpectedtoaverageonlyabout3%fortheyearasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentagepointbelowtheratepredictedattheendof-366- lastyear.Thisisnoflashinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica’s,havelittleproductiveslack.America’scapacityutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbellowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveup-endedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.67.Fromthepassagewelearnthat________.[A]thereisadefiniterelationshipbetweeninflationandinterestrates[B]economywillalwaysfollowcertainmodels[C]theeconomicsituationisbetterthanexpected（C）[D]economistshadforeseenthepresenteconomicsituation68.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?[A]Makingmonetarypoliciesiscomparabletodrivingacar[B]Anextremelylowjoblessratewillleadtoinflation[C]Ahighunemploymentratewillresultfrominflation（B）[D]Interestrateshaveanimmediateeffectontheeconomy69.Thesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan”(Line5,Paragraph3)meansthat________.[A]thelowinflationratewilllastforsometime[B]theinflationratewillsoonrise[C]theinflationwilldisappearquickly（A）[D]thereisnoinflationatpresent70.Thepassageshowsthattheauthoris________thepresentsituation.[A]criticalof[B]puzzledby[C]disappointedat（D）[D]amazedatSectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)-366- Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itisn’t,becauseitassumesthatthereisanagreedaccountofhumanrights,whichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstancetoinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit,howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumans,orwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardforthesufferingofanimalsisseenasamistake--asentimentaldisplacementoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisviewwhichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical.”Infactitissimplyshallow:theconfusedcenterisrighttorejectit.Themostelementaryformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningtocrawl--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,toengagesympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:itismankind’sinstinctformoralreasoninginaction,aninstinctthatshouldbeencouragedratherthanlaughedat.71.________72.________73.________74.________75.________SectionV:WritingDirections:[A]Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan120.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)-366- [C]Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Interpretthefollowingpictures.2.Predictthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionandgiveyourreason.1997年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[B]2.[D]3.[A]4.[D]5.[C]6.[B]7.[A]8.[C]9.[D]10.[B]PartB(5points)11.[C]12.[B]13.[C]14.[B]15.[C]16.[A]17.[C]18.[D]19.[D]20.[B]PartC(10points)21.[A]22.[B]23.[D]24.[A]25.[C]26.[A]27.[A]28.[A]29.[C]30.[D]31.[A]32.[C]33.[A]34.[C]35.[D]36.[B]37.[D]38.[B]39.[C]40.[D]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[C]43.[D]44.[A]45.[B]46.[D]47.[C]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[D]56.[A]57.[C]58.[B]59.[D]60.[A]-366- 61.[A]62.[B]63.[C]64.[D]65.[B]66.[A]67.[C]68.[B]69.[A]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。72.有些哲学家论证说,权利只存在在于社会契约中,是责任与权益相交换的一部分。73.这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅,要么完全冷漠无情。74.这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。75.这种反应并不错,这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文例文一Wemeetsmokerseverywhere:inthestreets,oncollegecampusesandinshops.Thereare5.8billionpeopleintheworld,andthesmokersareabout1.1billion,whichmakesup20percentoftheworld’stotalpopulation.Smokingisveryharmful.Ithinktherearetwomainaspectstothedamage.First,smokingconsumesagreatdealofmoney.Asisshowninthepictorialgraph,smokingwastes200billiondollarseachyearintheworld.Second,smokingdoesharmtothehealthofsmokers,anditisthemaincauseoflungcancer.About3millionpeoplediebecauseoftherelevantdiseasesderivedfromsmokingeveryyear.Becausemoreandmorepeopleareawareofthegreatharmofsmokingtohumans,theamountoftobaccoconsumptionisonthedecrease.Fromthefollowingfigureswecanclearlyseethetendency.Thetotalamountofworldtobaccoproductionaddedupto14.364billionpoundsin1994,butitdroppedto14.2billionpoundsin1995.Atthesametime,manycountriescallonpeopletogiveupsmoking.Soitiscertainthatthenumberofsmokersistodecrease.例文二AboutTobaccoConsumptionFromtheabovesetofpictures,wecanseethattherewereatotalof14.364billionpoundsoftobaccoproducedin1994and14.2billionpoundsin1995.Becausetheamountoftobaccoproductionisfallingyearly,itcanbepredictedthatthetendencyoftobaccoconsumptionwouldalsobefallingyearly.Therearemanyreasons.Firstly,smokingwastesmoney.Everyyeartherearetwo-366- hundredbilliondollars“burnt”inthecigarette“fire.”Secondly,smokingwouldhardlydopeopleanygoodanditcanevencausecancer.Everyyeartherearethreemillionpeople“buried”inthecigarette“tomb”.Althoughtobaccoconsumptionisfalling,therearetoomanypeoplewhosmoke.Thepopulationintheworldis5.8billion,butabouttwentypercentofthepopulation,thatistosay1.1billionpeople,smoke.Sothesituationisseriousandthemovementagainstsmokingisstilladifficulttask.评语：上边两篇作文内容符合要求,包括对各图的说明,对趋势的预测及理由,数字表达正确,语言较好,表达能力较强,长度符合要求。得14分1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes________1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].1.IworkedsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtime________thelastbus.[A]tohavecaught[B]tocatch[C]catching（B）[D]havingcaught2.Asitturnedouttobeasmallhouseparty,we________soformally.[A]needn’tdressup[B]didnotneedhavedressedup[C]didnotneeddressup（D）[D]needn’thavedressedup-366- 3.IapologizeifI________you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.[A]offend[B]hadoffended[C]shouldhaveoffended（B）[D]mighthaveoffended4.Althoughateenager,Fredcouldresist________whattodoandwhatnottodo.[A]tobetold[B]havingbeentold[C]beingtold（C）[D]tohavebeentold5.Greatereffortstoincreaseagriculturalproductionmustbemadeiffoodshortage________avoided.[A]istobe[B]canbe[C]willbe（A）[D]hasbeen6.Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue________itcomestoclassroomtests.[A]before[B]as[C]since（D）[D]when7.Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecity,makingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobere-educatednomatter________hedoes.[A]how[B]where[C]what（C）[D]when8.I’vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschool________twentyyearsago.[A]about[B]since[C]till（D）[D]with-366- 9.Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,________insufficientlypopularwithallmembers.[A]beingconsidered[B]considering[C]tobeconsidered（A）[D]havingconsidered10.________forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.[A]Haditnotbeen[B]Wereitnot[C]Beitnot（A）[D]ShoulditnotbePartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibitionwhich[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Part[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].11.AccordingtoDarwin,randomchangesthatenhanceaspecies’[A]abilityforsurviving[B]are[C]naturallyselectedandpassedontosucceeding[D]generations.（B）12.Neitherrainnorsnowkeeps[A]thepostmanfromdeliveringourletterswhich[B]wesomuch[C]lookforwardtoreceive[D].（D）13.Iftheywillnotaccept[A]acheck,weshallhave[B]topaythecash[C],thoughitwouldbe[D]muchtroubleforbothsides.（C）14.Havingbeen[A]robbedoff[B]economicimportance,thosestatesarenot[C]likelytocountforverymuch[D]ininternationalpoliticalterms.（B）15.Themessagewillbe[A]that[B]neitherthemarketnorthegovernmentiscapableofdealingwithalloftheir[C]uncontrollablepractices[D].（C）-366- 16.Thelogicofscientificdevelopmentissuch[A]thatseparates[B]groupsofmenworkingon[C]thesameprobleminfar-scattered[D]laboratoriesarelikelytoarriveatthesameansweratthesametime.（B）17.Yetnotalloftheseracesareintellectualinferiorto[A]theEuropeanraces,and[B]somemayevenhavea[C]freshnessandvitalitythatcanrenewtheenergies[D]ofmoreadvancedraces.（A）18.The[A]morethan50,000nuclearweaponsinthehandsofvariousnationstodayaremorethan[B]ampledestroying[C]everycityintheworldseveraltimesover[D].（C）19.Theuniverseworksinawaysofarremove[A]fromwhatcommonsensewould[B]allowthat[C]wordsofanykindmustnecessarilybeinadequatetoexplainit[D].（A）20.Theintegrationofindependentstatescouldbestbe[A]broughtaboutbyfirst[B]creatingacentralorganizationwithauthorities[C]overtechnical[D]economictasks.（C）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].21.Themachineneedsacomplete________sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.[A]amending[B]fitting[C]mending（C）[D]renovating22.Thereweremanypeoplepresentandheappearedonlyforafewseconds,soIonlycaughta________ofhim.[A]glance[B]glimpse-366- [C]look（B）[D]sight23.Idon’tthinkit’swiseofyouto________yourgreaterknowledgeinfrontofthedirector,foritmayoffendhim.[A]showup[B]showout[C]showin（D）[D]showoff24.Thereturnsintheshort________maybesmall,butoveranumberofyearstheinvestmentwillbewellrepaid.[A]interval[B]range[C]span（D）[D]term25.Athoroughstudyofbiologyrequires________withthepropertiesoftreesandplants,andthehabitofbirdsandbeasts.[A]acquisition[B]discrimination[C]curiosity（D）[D]familiarity26.Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould________herlongeffort.[A]justify[B]testify[C]rectify（A）[D]verify27.I’mverygladtoknowthatmybosshasgenerouslyagreedto________mydebtinreturnforcertainservices.[A]takeaway[B]cutout[C]writeoff（C）[D]clearup28.Somejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreateagreat________.[A]explosion-366- [B]sensation[C]exaggeration（B）[D]stimulation29.Accordingtowhatyouhavejustsaid,amItounderstandthathisnewpost________noresponsibilitywithitatall?[A]shoulders[B]possesses[C]carries（C）[D]shares30.Sometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthis________toacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeingstudied.[A]comment[B]reaction[C]impression（B）[D]comprehension31.Please________yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.[A]restrain[B]hinder[C]restrict（A）[D]prohibit32.Withouttelephoneitwouldbeimpossibletocarryonthefunctionsof________everybusinessoperationinthewholecountry.[A]practically[B]preferably[C]precisely（A）[D]presumably33.Preliminaryestimationputsthefigureataround$110billion,________the$160billionthePresidentisstrugglingtogetthroughtheCongress.[A]inproportionto[B]inreplyto[C]inrelationto（D）[D]incontrastto-366- 34.Heisplanninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwill________attheendofthismonth.[A]expire[B]exceed[C]terminate（A）[D]cease35.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread________lettersfromtheirfamilies.[A]sentimental[B]affectionate[C]intimate（B）[D]sensitive36.Severalinternationaleventsintheearly1990sseemlikelyto________,oratleastweaken,thetrendsthatemergedinthe1980s.[A]revolt[B]revolve[C]reverse（C）[D]revive37.Iwasunawareofthecriticalpointsinvolved,somychoicewasquite________.[A]arbitrary[B]rational[C]mechanical（A）[D]unpredictable38.Thelocalpeoplewerejoyfullysurprisedtofindthepriceofvegetablesnolonger________accordingtotheweather.[A]altered[B]converted[C]fluctuated（C）[D]modified39.Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot________theirprospectofpromotion.[A]spur[B]further[C]induce（B）-366- [D]reinforce40.Inwhat________toalastminutestayofexecution,acouncilannouncedthatemergencyfundingwouldkeepalivetwoagingsatellites.[A]applies[B]accounts[C]attaches（D）[D]amountsSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)UntilrecentlymosthistoriansspokeverycriticallyoftheIndustrialRevolution.They__41__thatinthelongrunindustrializationgreatlyraisedthestandardoflivingforthe__42__man.Buttheyinsistedthatits__43__resultsduringtheperiodfrom1750to1850werewidespreadpovertyandmiseryforthe__44__oftheEnglishpopulation.__45__contrast,theysawintheprecedinghundredyearsfrom1650to1750,whenEnglandwasstilla__46__agriculturalcountry,aperiodofgreatabundanceandprosperity.Thisview,__47__,isgenerallythoughttobewrong.Specialists__48__historyandeconomics,have__49__twothings:thattheperiodfrom1650to1750was__50__bygreatpoverty,andthatindustrializationcertainlydidnotworsenandmayhaveactuallyimprovedtheconditionsforthemajorityofthepopulace.41.[A]admitted[B]believed[C]claimed（A）[D]predicted42.[A]plain[B]average[C]mean（B）[D]normal43.[A]momentary[B]prompt[C]instant（D）[D]immediate-366- 44.[A]bulk[B]host[C]gross（A）[D]magnitude45.[A]On[B]With[C]For（D）[D]By46.[A]broadly[B]thoroughly[C]generally（D）[D]completely47.[A]however[B]meanwhile[C]therefore（A）[D]moreover48.[A]at[B]in[C]about（B）[D]for49.[A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown（C）[D]speculated50.[A]noted[B]impressed[C]labeled（D）[D]markedSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers-366- marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Text1Fewcreationsofbigtechnologycapturetheimaginationlikegiantdams.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakestheidealofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsofascinating.Buttobefascinatedisalso,sometimes,tobeblind.Severalgiantdamprojectsthreatentodomoreharmthangood.Thelessonfromdamsisthatbigisnotalwaysbeautiful.Itdoesn’thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.Egypt’sleadershipintheArabworldwascementedbytheAswanHighDam.Turkey’sbidforFirstWorldstatusincludesthegiantAtaturkDam.Butbigdamstendnottoworkasintended.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft--allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.Andyet,themythofcontrollingthewaterspersists.Thisweek,intheheartofcivilizedEurope,SlovaksandHungariansstoppedjustshortofsendinginthetroopsintheircontentionoveradamontheDanube.Thehugecomplexwillprobablyhavealltheusualproblemsofbigdams.ButSlovakiaisbiddingforindependencefromtheCzechs,andnowneedsadamtoproveitself.Meanwhile,inIndia,theWorldBankhasgiventhego-aheadtotheevenmorewrong-headedNarmadaDam.Andthebankhasdonethiseventhoughitsadvisorssaythedamwillcausehardshipforthepowerlessandenvironmentaldestruction.Thebenefitsareforthepowerful,buttheyarefarfromguaranteed.Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvetheseconflicts.Hydroelectricpowerandfloodcontrolandirrigationarepossiblewithoutbuildingmonsterdams.Butwhenyouaredealingwithmyths,itishardtobeeitherproper,orscientific.ItistimethattheworldlearnedthelessonsofAswan.Youdon’tneedadamtobesaved.51.Thethirdsentenceofparagraph1impliesthat________.[A]peoplewouldbehappyiftheyshuttheireyestoreality[B]theblindcouldbehappierthanthesighted[C]over-excitedpeopletendtoneglectvitalthings（C）[D]fascinationmakespeoplelosetheireyesight52.Inparagraph5,“thepowerless”probablyrefersto________.[A]areasshortofelectricity[B]damswithoutpowerstations[C]poorcountriesaroundIndia（D）[D]commonpeopleintheNarmadaDamarea-366- 53.Whatisthemythconcerninggiantdams?[A]Theybringinmorefertilesoil.[B]Theyhelpdefendthecountry.[C]Theystrengtheninternationalties.（D）[D]Theyhaveuniversalcontrolofthewaters.54.Whattheauthortriestosuggestmaybestbeinterpretedas________.[A]“It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk”[B]“Morehaste,lessspeed”[C]“Lookbeforeyouleap”（C）[D]“Hewholaughslastlaughsbest”Text2Well,nogainwithoutpain,theysay.Butwhataboutpainwithoutgain?EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthat,ifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogether,productivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991,productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayear,whichismorethantwicethe1978-1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycle,andsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.Thereis,asRobertRubin,thetreasurysecretary,says,a“disjunction”betweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoaleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics.Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace--allthatre-engineeringanddownsizing--areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomy,whichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinery,newtechnology,andinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreover,mostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitable,andthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch.Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.First,someofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Second,evenifitwaswelldone,itmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose.LeonardSchlesinger,aHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBongPain,arapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafes,saysthatmuch“re-engineering”hasbeencrude.Inmanycases,hebelieves,thelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.Hiscolleague,MichaelBeer,saysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashion,choppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolongtermprofitability.BBDO’sAlRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish--“theworstsortofambulancecashing.”-366- 55.Accordingtotheauthor,theAmericaneconomicsituationis________.[A]notasgoodasitseems[B]atitsturningpoint[C]muchbetterthanitseems（A）[D]neartocompleterecovery56.Theofficialstatisticsonproductivitygrowth________.[A]excludetheusualreboundinabusinesscycle[B]fallshortofbusinessmen’santicipation[C]meettheexpectationofbusinesspeople（B）[D]failtoreflectthetruestateofeconomy57.Theauthorraisesthequestion“whataboutpainwithoutgain?”because________.[A]hequestionsthetruthof“nogainwithoutpain”[B]hedoesnotthinktheproductivityrevolutionworks[C]hewondersiftheofficialstatisticsaremisleading（B）[D]hehasconclusiveevidencefortherevivalofbusinesses58.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?[A]Radicalreformsareessentialfortheincreaseofproductivity.[B]Newwaysoforganizingworkplacesmayhelptoincreaseproductivity.[C]Thereductionofcostsisnotasurewaytogainlongtermprofitability.（A）[D]Theconsultantsareabunchofgood-for-nothings.Text3Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17thcenturytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshas,ifanything,deepenedinthiscentury.Untilrecently,thescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics--butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclined,scientistshaveattacked“antiscience”inseveralbooks,notablyHigherSuperstition,byPaulR.Gross,abiologistattheUniversityofVirginia,andNormanLevitt,amathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorld,byCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas“TheFlightfromScienceandReason,”heldinNewYorkCityin1995,and“ScienceintheAgeof(Mis)information,”whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologists,philosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’s-366- objectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghosts,creationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomber,whosemanifesto,publishedin1995,scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapre-technologicalutopia.Butsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscience,asanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalists,inevitably,respondtosuchcritics.Thetrueenemiesofscience,arguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversity,apioneerofenvironmentalstudies,arethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarming,thedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeed,someobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.“Theterm‘antiscience’canlumptogethertoomany,quitedifferentthings,”notesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.“Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened.”59.Theword“schism”(Line4,Paragraph1)inthecontextprobablymeans________.[A]confrontation[B]dissatisfaction[C]separation（C）[D]contempt60.Paragraphs2and3arewrittento________.[A]discussthecauseofthedeclineofscience’spower[B]showtheauthor’ssympathywithscientists[C]explainthewayinwhichsciencedevelops（D）[D]exemplifythedivisionofscienceandthehumanities61.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?[A]Environmentalistswereblamedforantiscienceinanessay.[B]Politiciansarenotsubjecttothelabelingofantiscience.[C]The“moreenlightened”tendtotagothersasantiscience.（A）[D]Taggingenvironmentalistsas“antiscience”isjustifiable.62.Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheissueof“sciencevs.antiscience”is________.[A]impartial[B]subjective-366- [C]biased（A）[D]puzzlingText4Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.Thisdevelopment--anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead--hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica’smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation’sheadcounting.Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople--numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.Threesun-beltstates--Florida,TexasandCalifornia--togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th--withClevelandandWashington.D.C.droppingoutofthetop10.Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay,Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too--andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday’s“babyboom”generationreacheditschildbearingyears.Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances—■Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate--37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.■Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople--about9persquaremile.Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose--andstillarechoosing--somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.Asaresult,California’sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent--littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960s’growthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.63.Discernedfromtheperplexingpictureofpopulationgrowththe1980censusprovided,America-366- in1970s________.[A]enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory[B]witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation[C]underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth（B）[D]broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII64.Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat________.[A]itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistribution[B]ithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrants[C]itrevealstheAmericans’newpursuitofspaciousliving（C）[D]itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday’s“babyboom”65.Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat________.[A]CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUS[B]thetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWest[C]citieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration（D）[D]Arizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulation66.Theword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans________.[A]peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy[B]advocatesofmigrationbetweenstates[C]scientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation（C）[D]conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflifeText5Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowly,andinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates.Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmerica,forexample,aremovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetail,butthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspots,anchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearth,providethe-366- measuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears.Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecometorestoverahotspot,thematerialrisingfromdeeperlayercreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrows,itdevelopsseedfissures(cracks);inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissures,sothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofanewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinents,sohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutability(inconstancy).67.Theauthorbelievesthat________.[A]themotionoftheplatescorrespondstothatoftheearth’sinterior[B]thegeologicaltheoryaboutdriftingplateshasbeenprovedtobetrue[C]thehotspotsandtheplatesmoveslowlyinoppositedirections（B）[D]themovementofhotspotsprovesthecontinentsaremovingapart68.ThatAfricaandSouthAmericawereoncejoinedcanbededucedfromthefactthat________.[A]thetwocontinentsarestillmovinginoppositedirections[B]theyhavebeenfoundtosharecertaingeologicalfeatures[C]theAfricanplateshasbeenstablefor30millionyears（B）[D]over100hotspotsarescatteredallaroundtheglobe69.Thehotspottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining________.[A]thestructureoftheAfricanplates[B]therevivalofdeadvolcanoes[C]themobilityofthecontinents（D）[D]theformationofnewoceans70.Thepassageismainlyabout________.[A]thefeaturesofvolcanicactivities[B]theimportanceofthetheoryaboutdriftingplates[C]thesignificanceofhotspotsingeophysicalstudies（C）[D]theprocessoftheformationofvolcanoesSectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Theywere,byfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astrip-366- ofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlightyearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected;theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite--Cobe--haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingthetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginabledenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,plantsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’thavelongtowait.73)AstrophysicistsworkingwithgroundbaseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoonborneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.71.________72.________73.________74.________75.________SectionV:WritingDirections:[A]Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Writeoutthemessagesconveyedbythecartoon.-366- 2.Giveyourcomments注：图片上的文字是：本母鸡承诺：①本鸡下蛋不见棱不见角②保证有蛋皮，蛋黄和蛋清1998年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[B]2.[D]3.[B]4.[C]5.[A]6.[D]7.[C]8.[D]9.[A]10.[A]PartB(5points)11.[B]12.[D]13.[C]14.[B]15.[C]16.[B]17.[A]18.[C]19.[A]20.[C]PartC(10points)21.[C]22.[B]23.[D]24.[D]25.[D]26.[A]27.[C]28.[B]29.[C]30.[B]31.[A]32.[A]33.[D]34.[A]35.[B]36.[C]37.[A]38.[C]39.[B]40.[D]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[A]42.[B]43.[D]44.[A]45.[D]46.[D]47.[A]48.[B]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.[D]53.[D]54.[C]55.[A]56.[B]57.[B]58.[A]59.[C]60.[D]61.[A]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[C]67.[B]68.[B]69.[D]70.[C]-366- SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。72.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。73.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。74.假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。75.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Recently,moreandmorepeoplehaveseenvarietiesofpromiseseitherfromTV,newspaperorfromothermedia.Asisshowninthecartoon,evenahenhaslearnedhowtopromise.Weallknowthathen’sdutyistolayeggswhichshouldundoubtedlyconsistofmostelementarypart.Butthehenpromiseswhatsheshoulddo!(图画点题,夹叙夹议)Withthedevelopmentofthesocietyandtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,moreandmoreattentionshouldbepaidtotheimprovementofqualityofservice.Therefore,manyenterprisesanddepartmentspromisetobettertheirservicessoastomeetthepeople’sneedbetter.Theyarealsopleasedtoinvitepeopletosupervisewhattheyhavedoneandwilldo.Butmuchtooursurprise,someofthemjustsaysomethingthattheyshoulddo.Thesepromisesareonlylaughedatbypeople.(解释配诗,又有议论)Inmyopinion,doingmoreisbetterthanpromisingmore,becausepeoplearewillingtobeservedreally.Allweshouldlaymoreemphasisonwhatwedoandhowwecanvirtuallyimprovethelevelofservice.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakepeoplesatisfiedwithwhatwedo.(发表自己的观点)评语：内容切题,包括图画的全部信息；清楚表达其内涵,文字连贯；句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确,文章长度符合要求。本作文得13分1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabulary-366- PartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)1.Anyonewithhalfaneyeontheunemploymentfiguresknewthattheassertionabouteconomicrecovery________justaroundthecornerwasuntrue.[A]wouldbe[B]tobe[C]was（D）[D]being2.Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills________peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.[A]sevenmoretimes[B]seventimesmore[C]overseventimes（B）[D]seventimes3.It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodernlifeandonthevaguechanges________placeinourever-changingworld.[A]taking[B]totake[C]take（A）[D]taken4.Thisisanexcitingareaofstudy,andone________whichnewapplicationsarebeingdiscoveredalmostdaily.[A]from[B]by[C]in（C）[D]through5.________canbeseenfromthecomparisonofthesefigures,theprincipleinvolvestheactiveparticipationofthepatientinthemodificationofhiscondition.[A]As[B]What-366- [C]That（A）[D]It6.AlthoughIhadbeeninvitedtotheopeningceremony,Iwasunabletoattend________suchshortnotice.[A]to[B]in[C]with（D）[D]on7.Californiahasmorelightthanitknows________todowithbuteverythingelseisexpensive.[A]how[B]what[C]which（B）[D]where8.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalong________tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.[A]sowell[B]toowell[C]wellas（D）[D]wellenough9.Marlinisayoungmanofindependentthinkingwhoisnotabout________complimentstohispoliticalleaders.[A]paying[B]havingpaid[C]topay（C）[D]tohavepaid10.Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthan________intraditionalmedia.[A]exist[B]exists[C]existing（A）[D]toexistPartBDirections:-366- Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)11.Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeen[A]happytogiveyouamakeupexaminationhadyougone[B]andexplained[C]thatyourparentshadbeen[D]illatthetime.（[D]were）12.Asthechildrenbecomefinancially[A]independentof[B]thefamily,theemphasison[C]familyfinancialsecuritywillshiftfromprotectiontosave[D]fortheretirementyears.（[D]saving）13.Were[A]theTimesCo.topurchaseanothermajormediacompany,thereisnodoubtthatitcould[B]dramaticallytransformafamily-ran[C]enterprisethatstillgets90%ofits[D]revenuesfromnewspapers.（[C]family-run）14.Symposiumtalkswillcoverawiderange[A]ofsubjectsfrom[B]over-fishingtophysicalandenvironment[C]factorsthataffectthepopulations[D]ofdifferentspecies.（[C]environmental）15.Conversationcallsfora[A]willingnesstoalternatetheroleofspeakerwithone[B]oflistener[C],anditcallsforoccasional‘digestivepauses’by[D]both.（[B]that）16.Iftwotheoriesareequalto[A]theirabilitytoaccountfor[B]abodyofdata,thetheorythatdoesso[C]withthesmallernumberofassumptionsistobepreferred[D].（[A]in）17.TheCommitteeadoptedaresolutionrequiring[A]thesevenautomakersselling[B]themostcarsinthestatemaking[C]2percentofthosevehiclesemissions-free[D]by1998.（[C]tomake）18.Aslongas[A]poorpeople,whoingeneralarecolored,areinconflictwith[B]richerpeople,whoingeneralarelighter[C]skin[D],there’sgoingtobeaconstantracialconflictintheworld.（[D]skinned）19.Allthoseleftundone[A]maysoundgreatly[B]intheory,buteventhetrustbeliever[C]hasgreatdifficultywhen[D]itcomestospecifics.（[B]great）20.Evenif[A]automakersmodifycommerciallyproducedcarstorunon[B]alternativefuels[C],thecarswon’tcatchoninabigwaywhen[D]driverscanfillthemupatthegasstation.（[D]until）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)21.Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilityto________furtherresearchand-366- furtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.[A]stimulate[B]renovate[C]arouse（A）[D]advocate22.Althougharchitecturehasartisticqualities,itmustalsosatisfyanumberofimportantpractical________.[A]obligations[B]regulations[C]observations（D）[D]considerations23.Lifeinsuranceisfinancialprotectionfordependentsagainstloss________thebread-winner’sdeath.[A]atthecostof[B]onthevergeof[C]asaresultof（C）[D]forthesakeof24.Ineducationthereshouldbeagood________amongthebranchesofknowledgethatcontributetoeffectivethinkingandwisejudgment.[A]distribution[B]balance[C]combination（B）[D]assignment25.TheAmericandreamismost________duringtheperiodsofproductivityandwealthgeneratedbyAmericancapitalism.[A]plausible[B]patriotic[C]primitive（A）[D]partial26.Povertyisnot________inmostcitiesalthough,perhapsbecauseofthecrowdedconditionsincertainareas,itismorevisiblethere.[A]rare[B]temporary[C]prevalent（C）-366- [D]segmental27.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthoselivingin________populatedareas.[A]densely[B]intensely[C]abundantly（A）[D]highly28.Asawayof________themailswhiletheywereaway,theJohnsonsaskedthecleaningladytosendlittleprintedslipsaskingthesenderstowriteagainlater.[A]pickingup[B]copingwith[C]passingout（B）[D]gettingacross29.Tom’smothertriedhardtopersuadehimto________fromhisintentiontoinvesthissavingsinstockmarket.[A]pullout[B]giveup[C]drawin（D）[D]backdown30.Anincreasingproportionofourpopulation,unabletolivewithoutadvancedmedical________,willbecomeprogressivelymorereliantonexpensivetechnology.[A]interference[B]interruption[C]intervention（C）[D]interaction31.Thesecausesproducedthegreatchangeinthecountrythatmodernizedthe________ofhighereducationfromthemid-1860’stothemid-1880’s.[A]branch[B]category[C]domain（C）[D]scope32.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslythe________inthefinancialsystemwilldragdowntheeconomy.-366- [A]shallowness[B]shakiness[C]scantiness（B）[D]stiffness33.Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe________inmanyanimalspecies.[A]minimization[B]restriction[C]descent（D）[D]decline34.Thecityisanimportantrailroad________andindustrialandconventioncenter.[A]conjunction[B]network[C]junction（C）[D]link35.Prof.White,myrespectedtutor,frequentlyremindsmeto________myselfofeverychancetoimprovemyEnglish.[A]assure[B]inform[C]avail（C）[D]notify36.Researchersdiscoveredthatplantsinfectedwithavirusgiveoffagasthat________diseaseresistanceinneighboringplants.[A]contracts[B]activates[C]maintains（B）[D]prescribe37.Corporationsandlaborunionshave________greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.[A]conferred[B]granted[C]flung（A）[D]submitted38.Themovementofthemoonconvenientlyprovidedtheunitofmonth,whichwas________-366- fromonenewmoontothenext.[A]measured[B]reckoned[C]judged（B）[D]assessed39.Thejudgeruledthattheevidencewasinadmissibleonthegroundsthatitwas________totheissueathand.[A]irrational[B]unreasonable[C]invalid（D）[D]irrelevant40.Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases________automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.[A]persuaded[B]prompted[C]imposed（B）[D]enlightenedSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies__41__lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem__42__andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a__43__ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished__44__timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay__45__greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby__46__rulesorregulations.__47__othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstand-pointalone,safety__48__.Thefewertheinjury__49__,thebettertheworkman’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat__50__orataloss.41.[A]at-366- [B]in[C]on（D）[D]with42.[A]alive[B]vivid[C]mobile（A）[D]diverse43.[A]regulation[B]climate[C]circumstance（B）[D]requirement44.[A]where[B]how[C]what（A）[D]unless45.[A]alter[B]differ[C]shift（B）[D]distinguish46.[A]constituting[B]aggravating[C]observing（C）[D]justifying47.[A]Some[B]Many[C]Even（D）[D]Still48.[A]comesoff[B]turnsup[C]paysoff（C）[D]holdsup-366- 49.[A]claims[B]reports[C]declarations（A）[D]proclamations50.[A]anadvantage[B]abenefit[C]aninterest（D）[D]aprofitSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1It’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980s,whenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy“doesnotenableusertofly.”Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractions,forexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.“We’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,”saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete’sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.“Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,”-366- saysalawprofessoratCornelllawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.51.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[A]Customersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[B]Injuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[C]Companieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.（B）[D]Juriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.52.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto________.[A]satisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts[B]becomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts[C]makethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability（C）[D]feelobligedtoviewcustomers’safetyastheirfirstconcern53.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat________.[A]someinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw[B]helmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries[C]productlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded（A）[D]somesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes54.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe________.[A]biased[B]indifferent[C]puzzling（D）[D]objectiveText2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.“Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,”sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailablefor-366- marketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto“pull”customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniesto“push”informationdirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.com,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.55.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness________.[A]hasbeenstrivingtoexpanditsmarket[B]intendedtofollowafancifulfashion[C]triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket（A）[D]hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso56.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers[B]businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions[C]thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy（C）[D]itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners57.IntheviewofNetpurists,________.[A]thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture[B]moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb[C]theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset（D）[D]thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests58.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoInternetcommerce[B]interactivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers-366- [C]leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago（B）[D]settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpowerText3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents’careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction--indeed,contradiction--whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone’sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifhecannotcompetentlyassesshowhislivelihoodandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated.Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computer-educationadvocatesoftenemphasizethejobprospectsofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.ManyEuropeanschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongacquaintancetopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,ofcourse,anentirelydifferentstory.Basiccomputerskillstake--attheverylongest--acoupleofmonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.59.Theauthorthinksthepresentrushtoputcomputersintheclassroomis________.[A]far-reaching[B]dubiouslyoriented[C]self-contradictory（B）-366- [D]radicallyreformatory60.Thebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren________.[A]isindicativeofapessimismindisguise[B]cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers[C]isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputer-educationadvocates（D）[D]originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries61.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor’scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis________.[A]dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates[B]worthtryinginvarioussocialsections[C]oflittlepracticalvalue（C）[D]attractivetoeverykindofprofessional62.Accordingtotheauthor,basiccomputerskillsshouldbe________.[A]includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool[B]highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications[C]masteredthroughalife-longcourse（A）[D]equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwiseText4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment--althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.Inadraftprefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe“morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.”Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformally-366- acceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill“upintheair.”63.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat________.[A]federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans[B]theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning[C]NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique（B）[D]theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel’srecommendationsoncloning64.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat________.[A]thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw[B]thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol[C]itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning（C）[D]itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing65.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecause________.[A]embryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning[B]thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch[C]anembryo’slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch（D）[D]theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw66.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat________.[A]someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely[B]alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime[C]privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC’sappeal（A）[D]theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettledText5Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbital-366- motionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn’ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon’thaveunpredictablethings,youdon’thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe“scientificmethod”asubstituteforimaginativethought.I’veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid“thedataarestillinconclusive.”“Weknowthat,”themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,“butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?”Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe“oddballs”amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho“workwellwiththeteam.”67.TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleofIsaacNewtonthat________.[A]inquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[B]scienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[C]scientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch（A）[D]unpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearch68.Theauthorassertsthatscientists________.[A]shouldn’treplace“scientificmethod”withimaginativethought[B]shouldn’tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[C]shouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals（B）[D]shouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindings69.Itseemsthatsomeyoungscientists________.[A]haveakeeninterestinprediction-366- [B]oftenspeculateonthefuture[C]thinkhighlyofcreativethinking（D）[D]stickto“scientificmethod”70.Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch________.[A]maynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected[B]canbemeasuredindollarsandcents[C]relyonconformitytoastandardpattern（A）[D]aremostlyunderestimatedbymanagementSectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)71)Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.72)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingrewardingapproachestoanunderstandingofthepast.Socialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.73)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.Methodologyisatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.74)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.Historians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”Alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthedisciplineasawholewithcertainpartsofitstechnicalimplementation.75)Itappliesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocialsciencehistorianswhoequatetheiractivitywithspecifictechniques.SectionV:Writing-366- 76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:1.effectofthecountry’sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife2.possiblereasonfortheeffect3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotectionTHEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH1999年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[D]2.[B]3.[A]4.[C]5.[A]6.[D]7.[B]8.[D]9.[C]10.[A]PartB(5points)11.[D]were12.[D]saving13.[C]family-run14.[C]environmental15.[B]that16.[A]in17.[C]tomake18.[D]skinned19.[B]great20.[D]untilPartC(10points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[A]26.[C]27.[A]28.[B]29.[D]30.[C]31.[C]32.[B]33.[D]34.[C]35.[C]-366- 36.[B]37.[A]38.[B]39.[D]40.[B]SectionII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[D]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[B]46.[C]47.[D]48.[C]49.[A]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[B]52.[C]53.[A]54.[D]55.[A]56.[C]57.[D]58.[B]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[B]64.[C]65.[D]66.[A]67.[A]68.[B]69.[D]70.[A]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。72.人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问。73.在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。74.所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。75.这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派；前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文ThetwographstellussomethingaboutpopulationgrowthandwildlifeextinctionintheU.S.From1800,theAmericanpopulationhasbeengrowingallthetime.Inthe100yearsfrom1600to1700,thenumberofwildlifespeciesremainedalmoststable,withthenext200yearswitnessingagrowingtrendinwildlifeextinction.Itcanbeeasilyseenthatthemorethehumanbeings,thefewertheanimalspecies.Theremaybeseveralreasonsforthiseffect.First,ashumanpopulationexpands,moreandmorewildanimalsarehuntedforfood.Second,duetoallkindsofpollutionandthedamageofecosystemcausedbyman,someanimalshavenowheretolive.Third,someanimalsareofgreatmedicalvalue,theybecomethetargetsformakingmoney.Itistimewetooksomemeasurestostopthisdisturbingtrend.Ononehand,governmentshould-366- passsomelawsandregulationstopreventpeoplefromkillingmorewildanimalsandforbidfurtherdamagetoourenvironment.Ontheotherhand,weshouldcultivatetheawarenessthatanimalsareourfriendsandtheirextinctionposesathreatratherthanbringsbenefitstous.Onlywhenhumanbeingsliveinharmonywithallkindsofanimalscanwereallybuildabeautifulandhealthyworld.2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabularyPartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes________1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D]SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.AsI’llbeawayforatleastayear,I’dappreciate________fromyounowandthentellingmehoweveryoneisgettingalong.[A]hearing[B]tohear[C]tobehearing（A）[D]havingheard2.Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,________tofinditlocked.[A]just[B]only[C]hence（B）[D]thus3.Doctorsseeaconnectionbetweenincreaseamountsofleisuretimespent________andthe-366- increasednumberofcasesofskincancer.[A]tosunbathe[B]tohavesunbathed[C]havingsunbathed（D）[D]sunbathing4.Unlessyousignacontractwiththeinsurancecompanyforyourgoods,youarenotentitled________arepaymentforthegoodsdamagedindelivery.[A]to[B]with[C]for（A）[D]on5.OnarainydayIwasdrivingnorththroughVermont________Inoticedayoungmanholdingupasignreading“Boston”.[A]which[B]where[C]when（C）[D]that6.Christiestaredangrilyatherbossandturnedaway,asthough________outoftheoffice.[A]went[B]gone[C]togo（C）[D]wouldgo7.Therolesexpected________oldpeopleinsuchasettinggivetoofewpsychologicalsatisfactionsfornormalhappiness.[A]of[B]on[C]to（A）[D]with8.Talktoanyoneinthedrugindustry,________you’llsoondiscoverthatthescienceofgeneticsisthebiggestthingtohitdrugresearchsincepenicillinwasdiscovered.[A]or[B]and[C]for（B）-366- [D]so9.Itwasn’tsomuchthatIdislikedher________thatIjustwasn’tinterestedinthewholebusiness.[A]rather[B]so[C]than（D）[D]as10.Countlessdivorcedpoliticianswouldhavebeenelectedoutofofficeyearsagohadtheyeventhoughtofadivorce,letalone________one.[A]getting[B]toget[C]gotten（C）[D]getPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:Anumberof[A]foreignvisitorsweretaken[B]totheindustrialexhibition,which[C]theysaw[D]manynewproducts.Answer[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibition,wheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][■][D]11.Havingisolated[A]onaremoteisland,with[B]littleworktooccupy[C]them,thesoldierssufferedfromboredomandlowspirits[D].（A）12.Ifthelettertobemailed[A]wasplaced[B]onthewritingtableanhourago,itis[C]certainbeing[D]therenow.（D）13.Theruling[A]partycouldevenloseits[B]majorityinthelowerhouseofparliament,started[C]aperiodofprolongedstruggling[D].（C）14.Themechanismsat[A]workaremanifest[B]inthetendencyforsuchphysicalactivityto[C]utilizethepotential[D]harmfulconstituentsofthestressresponse.（D）-366- 15.In[A]thelongrun,however,thishurrytoshed[B]full-timestaffmaybemore[C]harmfultoindustryasitisto[D]theworkforce.（C）16.Seetoit[A]thatyouincludein[B]theexaminationpaperwhatever[C]questionstheydidn’tknowtheanswer[D]lasttime.（D）17.Mostnewspapers,whiledevoting[A]themajorpartofits[B]spacetorecentevents,usuallymanagetofindroom[C]ontheinsidepagesforarticleson[D]someinterestingtopics.（B）18.Onesignbywhich[A]youaremakingprogressinanart[B]suchaspaintingorphotographyisthat[C]youbegintorealizehowmuchthereis[D]tolearn.（A）19.Theideallistenerstaysbothinsideandoutside[A]themusicatthemomentitisplayedandenjoying[B]italmostasmuchas[C]thecomposeratthemomenthecomposes[D].（B）20.Continued[A]exposuretostresshasbeenlinkedtoworsened[B]functioningoftheimmunesystem,leaving[C]apersonmoreliablefor[D]infection.（D）PartCDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][■][D]21.Hespokeso________thatevenhisopponentswerewonoverbyhisarguments.[A]bluntly[B]convincingly[C]emphatically（B）[D]determinedly-366- 22.France’s________ofnucleartestingintheSouthPacificlastmonthtriggeredpoliticaldebatesandmassdemonstrations.[A]assumption[B]consumption[C]presumption（D）[D]resumption23.The215-pagemanuscript,circulatedtopublisherslastOctober,________anoutburstofinterest.[A]flared[B]glittered[C]sparked（C）[D]flashed24.HiseffortstobringaboutareconciliationbetweenthetwoParties________.[A]cameoff[B]cameon[C]cameround（A）[D]camedown25.Thesystemwasredesignedtoembracethenetworkandeventually________itinaprofitabledirection.[A]adapt[B]control[C]install（D）[D]steer26.Thecapitalintendedtobroadentheexportbaseand________efficiencygainsfrominternationaltradewaschanneledinsteadintouneconomicimportsubstitution.[A]secure[B]extend[C]defend（A）[D]possess27.Itisannouncedthatawallethasbeenfoundandcanbe________atthemanager’soffice.[A]declared[B]obtained[C]reclaimed（C）-366- [D]recognized28.WhenI________mysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.[A]wokeup[B]tookto[C]pickedup（D）[D]cameto29.TheAmericansocietyis________anexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityofaworseningenvironment.[A]establishedon[B]affiliatedto[C]originatedfrom（A）[D]incorporatedwith30.Iamnot________withmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.[A]concerned[B]compatible[C]considerate（B）[D]complied31.Atfirst,the________ofcolorpicturesoveralongdistanceseemedimpossible,but,withpainstakingeffortsandatgreatexpense,itbecameareality.[A]transaction[B]transmission[C]transformation（B）[D]transition32.Whenthecommittee________todetails,theproposedplanseemedimpractical.[A]gotdown[B]setabout[C]wentoff（A）[D]cameup33.________tosomepartsofSouthAmericaisstilldifficult,becausepartsofthecontinentarestillcoveredwiththickforests.[A]Orientation-366- [B]Access[C]Procession（B）[D]Voyage34.Mr.Smithhadanunusual________:hewasfirstanofficeclerk,thenasailor,andendedupasaschoolteacher.[A]profession[B]occupation[C]position（D）[D]career35.Themayorisawomanwithgreat________andthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialsupport.[A]intention[B]instinct[C]integrity（C）[D]intensity36.TheEnglishweatherdefiesforecastandhenceisasourceofinterest________toeveryone.[A]speculation[B]attribution[C]utilization（A）[D]proposition37.Thefactthatthegoldeneagleusuallybuildsitsnestonsomehighcliffs________italmostimpossibletoobtaintheeggsortheyoungbirds.[A]renders[B]reckons[C]regards（A）[D]relates38.Toimpressafutureemployer,oneshoulddressneatly,be________,anddisplayinterestinthejob.[A]swift[B]instant[C]timely（D）[D]punctual39.Youdon’thavetoinstallthisradioinyournewcar,it’san________extra.-366- [A]excessive[B]optional[C]additional（B）[D]arbitrary40.Wewerepleasedtonotethattheearlymorningdeliverydidn’t________tothetrafficjamofthebusycity.[A]aid[B]amount[C]add（C）[D]attributeSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinfollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Ifafarmerwishestosucceed,hemusttrytokeepawidegapbetweenhisconsumptionandhisproduction.Hemuststorealargequantityofgrain__41__consumingallhisgrainimmediately.Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__42__heproducesasurplus.Hemustusethissurplusinthreeways:asseedforsowing,asaninsurance__43__theunpredictableeffectsofbadweatherandasacommoditywhichhemustsellinorderto__44__oldagriculturalimplementsandobtainchemicalfertilizersto__45__thesoil.Hemayalsoneedmoneytoconstructirrigation__46__andimprovehisfarminotherways.Ifnosurplusisavailable,afarmercannotbe__47__.Hemusteithersellsomeofhispropertyor__48__extrafundsintheformofloans.Naturallyhewilltrytoborrowmoneyatalow__49__ofinterest,butloansofthiskindarenot__50__obtainable.41.[A]otherthan[B]aswellas[C]insteadof（C）[D]morethan42.[A]onlyif[B]muchas[C]longbefore（A）[D]eversince43.[A]for[B]against-366- [C]supplement（B）[D]dispose44.[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement（A）[D]dispose45.[A]enhance[B]mix[C]feed（C）[D]raise46.[A]vessels[B]routes[C]paths（D）[D]channels47.[A]self-confident[B]self-sufficient[C]self-satisfied（B）[D]self-restrained48.[A]search[B]save[C]offer（D）[D]seek49.[A]proportion[B]percentage[C]rate（C）[D]ratio50.[A]genuinely[B]obviously[C]presumably（D）[D]frequentlySectionIII:ReadingComprehension-366- Directions:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicap,but,ifproperlyhandled,itmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,ithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed.Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitably,theretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustries,suchasconsumerelectronics,hadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleft,Zenith.(Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’sLGElectronicsinJuly.)Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.Forawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty.Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailing,andthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas.Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.“Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructure,hasgoneonadiet,haslearnttobemorequick-witted,”accordingtoRichardCavanagh,executivedeanofHarvard’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.“ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivity,”saysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstitute,athink-tankinWashington,DC.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodas“agoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates.”51.TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarIIbecause________.[A]ithadmadepainstakingeffortstowardsthisgoal[B]itsdomesticmarketwaseighttimeslargerthanbefore[C]thewarhaddestroyedtheeconomiesofmostpotentialcompetitors（C）[D]theunparalleledsizeofitsworkforcehadgivenanimpetustoitseconomy-366- 52.ThelossofU.S.predominanceintheworldeconomyinthe1980sismanifestedinthefactthattheAmerican________.[A]TVindustryhadwithdrawntoitsdomesticmarket[B]semiconductorindustryhadbeentakenoverbyforeignenterprises[C]machine-toolindustryhadcollapsedaftersuicidalactions（D）[D]autoindustryhadlostpartofitsdomesticmarket53.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?[A]Itishumannaturetoshiftbetweenself-doubtandblindpried.[B]Intensecompetitionmaycontributetoeconomicprogress.[C]Therevivaloftheeconomydependsoninternationalcooperation.（B）[D]Alonghistoryofsuccessmaypavethewayforfurtherdevelopment.54.TheauthorseemstobelievetherevivaloftheU.S.economyinthe1990scanbeattributedtothe________.[A]turningofthebusinesscycle[B]restructuringofindustry[C]improvedbusinessmanagement（A）[D]successineducationText2Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity,andamong70-year-oldstherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthat,forthefirsttime,therewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportant,anotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceofababy(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreagentofevolutionhasgone.Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepass-366- 100,000years--eventhepass100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they“lookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.”Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.55.Whatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmates.[B]Afiercecompetition.[C]Alowersurvivalrate.（C）[D]Adefectivegene.56.WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.[B]Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.[C]Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.（B）[D]Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.57.Theauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecause________.[A]lifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvance[B]thenumberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution（A）[D]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing58.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?[A]SexRationChangesinHumanEvolution[B]WaysofContinuingMan’sEvolution[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature（D）[D]HumanEvolutionGoingNowhereText3Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashion,itisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingat,for,howeverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtoday,itispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetry,however,thecaseisratherdifficult,forwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.This,inbrief,iswhattheFuturistsays:foracentury,pastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedingup,tillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequently,ourfeelings,thoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.Thisspeedingupof-366- life,saystheFuturist,requiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetoo,ifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwords,unhamperedbystops,orqualifyingadjectives,orfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepage,andshortenorlengthenwordsatwill.Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:“Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms.”This,thoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetry,canhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesame,nothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged?59.Thispassageismainly________.[A]asurveyofnewapproachestoart[B]areviewofFuturistpoetry[C]aboutmeritsoftheFuturistmovement（B）[D]aboutlawsandrequirementsofliterature60.Whenanovelliteraryideaappears,peopleshouldtryto________.[A]determineitspurposes[B]ignoreitsflaws[C]followthenewfashions（A）[D]accepttheprinciples61.Futuristsclaimthatwemust________.[A]increasetheproductionofliterature[B]usepoetrytorelievemodernstress[C]developnewmodesofexpression（C）[D]avoidusingadjectivesandverbs62.TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis________.[A]basedonreasonableprinciples[B]newandacceptabletoordinarypeople[C]indicativeofbasicchangeinhumannature（D）[D]moreofatransientphenomenonthanliteratureText4-366- AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.Tenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeing,butnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneeds,andyoungpeopledon’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext.Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteenagerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurvey,itwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollife,comparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed.Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.“Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personality,ability,courageorhumanity--arecompletelyignored,”saysToshikiKaifu,chairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’seducationcommittee.“Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.”LastyearJapanexperienced2,125incidentsofschoolviolence,including929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcry,manyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyama,whowastheneducationminister,raisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarIIhadweakenedthe“Japanesemoralityofrespectforparents.”ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.“InJapan,”sayseducatorYokoMuro,“it’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlife,butonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.”Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralization;fully76percentofJapan’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolated,twogenerationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutes(travelstoandfromwork)andcrowdedlivingconditions,butastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweaken,thediscomfortisbeginningtotell.Inthepastdecade,theJapanesedivorcerate,whilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStates,hasincreasedbymorethan50percent,andsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter.63.IntheWesterner’seyes,thepostwarJapanwas________.[A]underaimlessdevelopment[B]apositiveexample[C]arivaltotheWest（B）[D]onthedecline64.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety?[A]Women’sparticipationinsocialactivitiesislimited.[B]Moreworkersaredissatisfiedwiththeirjobs.-366- [C]Excessiveemphasishisbeenplacedonthebasics.（D）[D]Thelife-stylehasbeeninfluencedbyWesternvalues.65.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor?[A]Japaneseeducationispraisedforhelpingtheyoungclimbthesocialladder.[B]Japaneseeducationischaracterizedbymechanicallearningaswellascreativity.[C]Morestressshouldbeplacedonthecultivationofcreativity.（C）[D]Droppingoutleadstofrustrationagainsttesttaking.66.ThechangeinJapaneseLife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat________.[A]theyoungarelesstolerantofdiscomfortsinlife[B]thedivorcerateinJapanexceedsthatintheU.S.[C]theJapaneseenduremorethaneverbefore（A）[D]theJapaneseappreciatetheirpresentlifeText5Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition--health,distinction,controloverone’sdestiny--mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.Ifthetraditionofambitionistohavevitality,itmustbewidelyshared;anditespeciallymustbehighlyregardedbypeoplewhoarethemselvesadmired,theeducatednotleastamongthem.Inanoddway,however,itistheeducatedwhohaveclaimedtohavegivenuponambitionasanideal.Whatisoddisthattheyhaveperhapsmostbenefitedfromambition--ifnotalwaystheirownthenthatoftheirparentsandgrandparents.Thereisheavynoteofhypocrisyinthis,acaseofclosingthebarndoorafterthehorseshaveescaped--withtheeducatedthemselvesridingonthem.Certainlypeopledonotseemlessinterestedinsuccessanditssignsnowthanformerly.Summerhomes,Europeantravel,BMWs--thelocations,placenamesandnamebrandsmaychange,butsuchitemsdonotseemlessindemandtodaythanadecadeortwoyearsago.Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,aseasilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing,acquisitiveandvulgar.Instead,wearetreatedtofinehypocriticalspectacles,whichnowmorethaneverseeminamplesupply:thecriticofAmericanmaterialismwithaSouthamptonsummerhome;thepublisherofradicalbookswhotakeshismealsinthree-starrestaurants;thejournalistadvocatingparticipatorydemocracyinallphasesoflife,whoseownchildrenareenrolledinprivateschools.Forsuchpeopleandmanymoreperhapsnotsoexceptional,theproperformulationis,“Succeedatallcostsbutavoidappearingambitious.”Theattacksonambitionaremanyandcomefromvariousangles;itspublicdefendersarefewandunimpressive,wheretheyarenotextremelyunattractive.Asaresult,thesupportforambitionasahealthyimpulse,aqualitytobeadmiredandfixedinthemindoftheyoung,isprobablylowerthanithaseverbeenintheUnitedStates.Thisdoesnotmeanthatambitionisatanend,thatpeoplenolongerfeelitsstirringsandpromptings,butonlythat,nolongeropenlyhonored,itislessopenlyprofessed.Consequencesfollowfromthis,ofcourse,someofwhicharethatambitionisdrivenunderground,ormadesly.Such,then,isthewaythingsstand:ontheleftangrycritics,ontheright-366- stupidsupporters,andinthemiddle,asusual,themajorityofearnestpeopletryingtogetoninlife.67.Itisgenerallybelievedthatambitionmaybewellregardedif________.[A]itsreturnswellcompensateforthesacrifices[B]itisrewardedwithmoney,fameandpower[C]itsgoalsarespiritualratherthanmaterial（A）[D]itissharedbytherichandthefamous68.Thelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablyimpliesthatitis________.[A]customaryoftheeducatedtodiscardambitioninwords[B]toolatetocheckambitiononceithasbeenletout[C]dishonesttodenyambitionafterthefulfillmentofthegoal（C）[D]impracticalfortheeducatedtoenjoybenefitsfromambition69.Somepeopledonotopenlyadmittheyhaveambitionbecause________.[A]theythinkofitasimmoral[B]theirpursuitsarenotfameorwealth[C]ambitionisnotcloselyrelatedtomaterialbenefits（D）[D]theydonotwanttoappeargreedyandcontemptible70.Fromthelastparagraphtheconclusioncanbedrawnthatambitionshouldbemaintained________.[A]secretlyandvigorously[B]openlyandenthusiastically[C]easilyandmomentarily（B）[D]verballyandspirituallySectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslateunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Governmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.72)Furthermore,itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthatgovernmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,themayencourage-366- researchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymaycooperatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentonscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.73)Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmass-communications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whilegovernmentsareoftenforcedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingplaceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization--withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowed--wasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelopingnationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsforthegovernmentsconcerned.75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements--themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,governmentsarebecomingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsforplanningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.SectionV:Writing76.Directions:[A]Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteandessayofatleast150words.[B]YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)[C]Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1.Describethepictures.2.Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictures.3.Suggestcounter-measures.-366- 2000年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(20points)PartA(5points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[C]6.[C]7.[A]8.[B]9.[D]10.[C]PartB(5points)11.[A]12.[D]13.[C]14.[D]15.[C]16.[D]17.[B]18.[A]19.[B]20.[D]PartC(5points)21.[B]22.[D]23.[C]24.[A]25.[D]26.[A]27.[C]28.[D]29.[A]30.[B]31.[B]32.[A]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[A]37.[A]38.[D]39.[B]40.[C]PartII:ClozeTest(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[A]45.[C]46.[D]47.[B]48.[D]49.[C]50.[D]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[C]52.[D]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C]56.[B]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[A]-366- 61.[C]62.[D]63.[B]64.[D]65.[C]66.[A]67.[A]68.[C]69.[D]70.[B]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的中央控制，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助。72.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。73.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗的思想，由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。74.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。75.由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。SectionV:Writing(15points)76.参考范文Thesetwopicturesdisplayasharpcontrast:therewerealotoffishwithonefishingboatintheseain1900whilethesituationwasjusttheoppositein1995.obviously,thefishingindustrywasfacingamajorproblem,withalltheoceanresourcesbeingexhaustedsoquickly.Thedrawerisnotexaggeratingorjokingaboutcommercialfishing.Onthecontrary,heisseriouslywarningusthatourwayofthinkingandwaysofdoingthingsareunreasonableanddangerous.Ourresourcesarelimitedandourecosystemneedscarefulconsiderationandprotection.Ifweonlycareaboutthepresent,wewillsufferinthefuture.It’sjustlikebuildingfriendshipandsavingmoney:themoreyouputintoit,themoreyoucanget;themoreyoutakeout,thelessitisleft.Measuresshouldbetakenifsuchdisappointingsituationistobeavoided.Isuggestthatgovernmentmakelawsandregulationstoguideandsupervisepeople’sfishingactivity,punishingthosewhoonlycareabouttheirowninterestandbringharmtoothersandtheenvironment.Ialsoappealtothepublicthatmoneyisnottheonlythingwecanpursueandfishisnottheonlyfoodwecaneat.Whetherforthebenefitofthehumanraceorfortheinterestofourown,weshouldshowconcernforothersandmakeplansforthefuture.Onlyinthiswaycanwelivehappilyandaffluently.2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:StructureandVocabulary-366- PartADirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)Example:IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimes________1979.[A]from[B]after[C]for[D]sinceThesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].SampleAnswer[A][B][C][■]1.IfIwereinmovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatI________myheadinmyhandsforacry.[A]bury[B]amburying[C]buried（C）[D]wouldbury2.Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheport________halfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.[A]toannounce[B]announced[C]announcing（B）[D]wasannounced3.Accordingtoonebelief,iftruthistobeknownitwillmakeitselfapparent,soone________waitinsteadofsearchingforit.[A]wouldrather[B]hadto[C]cannotbut（D）[D]hadbest4.Shefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshe________whenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercity-366- self,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.[A]had[B]hadhad[C]wouldhaveand（A）[D]hashad5.TherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespite________fromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.[A]beingresigned[B]havingresigned[C]goingtoresign（B）[D]resign6.Soinvolvedwiththeircomputers________thatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.[A]becamethechildren[B]becomethechildren[C]hadthechildrenbecome（D）[D]dothechildrenbecome7.TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheis________ananonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.[A]everythingexcept[B]anythingbut[C]nolessthan（D）[D]nothingmorethan8.Onedifficultyintranslationliesinobtainingaconceptmatch.________thisismeantthataconceptinonelanguageislostorchangedinmeaningintranslation.[A]By[B]In[C]For（A）[D]With9.Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedto________ithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.[A]as[B]which[C]that（C）-366- [D]what10.Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,________theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.[A]be[B]being[C]were（A）[D]arePartBDirections:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterintheracketswithapencil.(10points)Example:ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound________inthewoodsoffthehighway.[A]vanished[B]scattered[C]abandoned[D]rejectedThesentenceshouldread.“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].SampleAnswer[A][B][■][D]11.Heistooyoungtobeableto________betweenrightandwrong.[A]discard[B]discern[C]disperse（B）[D]disregard12.Itwasno________thathiscarwasseennearthebankatthetimeoftherobbery.[A]coincidence[B]convention[C]certainty（A）[D]complication13.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallships________follow-366- trafficrulesinbusyharbors.[A]cautiously[B]dutifully[C]faithfully（B）[D]skillfully14.TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallIndiansbutseemstobe________thewelfareofhisanimals.[A]criticalabout[B]indignantat[C]indifferentto（C）[D]subjectto15.Thechairmanoftheboard________onmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.[A]compelled[B]posed[C]pressed（C）[D]tempted16.Itisnaivetoexpectthatanysocietycanresolveallthesocialproblemsitisfacedwith________.[A]forlong[B]inandout[C]onceforall（C）[D]bynature17.Usingextremelydifferentdecoratingschemesinadjoiningroomsmayresultin________andlackofunityinstyle.[A]conflict[B]confrontation[C]disturbance（D）[D]disharmony18.TheTimberrattlesnakeisnowontheendangeredspecieslist,andisextinctintwoeasternstatesinwhichitonce________.[A]thrived[B]swelled[C]prospered（A）-366- [D]flourished19.However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasableto________someofthedeclineintheironandsteelindustry.[A]overturn[B]overtake[C]offset（C）[D]oppress20.Becauseofitsintimacy,radioisusuallymorethanjustamedium;itis________.[A]firm[B]company[C]corporation（B）[D]enterprise21.Whenanynon-humanorganistransplantedintoaperson,thebodyimmediatelyrecognizesitas________.[A]novel[B]remote[C]distant（D）[D]foreign22.MyfavoriteradiosongistheoneIfirstheardonathick1923EdisondiscI________atagaragesale.[A]trifledwith[B]scrapedthrough[C]stumbledupon（C）[D]thirstedfor23.Somedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould________.[A]descend[B]decline[C]deteriorate（B）[D]depress24.Equipmentnot________officialsafetystandardshasallbeenremovedfromtheworkshop.[A]conformingto[B]consistentwith-366- [C]predominantover（A）[D]providingfor25.Asanindustry,biotechnologystandsto________electronicsindollarvolumeandperhapssurpassitinsocialimpactby2020.[A]contend[B]contest[C]rival（C）[D]strive26.TheauthorsoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionattemptedtoestablishaneffectivenationalgovernmentwhilepreserving________forthestatesandlibertyforindividuals.[A]autonomy[B]dignity[C]monopoly（A）[D]stability27.ForthreequartersofitsspanonEarth,lifeevolvedalmost________asmicroorganisms.[A]precisely[B]instantly[C]initially（D）[D]exclusively28.Theintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowandarrow________,particularlyinWesternEurope.[A]obscure[B]obsolete[C]optional（B）[D]overlapping29.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjust________andneedsproving.[A]spontaneous[B]hypothetical[C]intuitive（B）[D]empirical30.Thefutureofthiscompanyis________:manyofitstalentedemployeesareflowingintomoreprofitablenet-basedbusinesses.-366- [A]atodds[B]introuble[C]invain（D）[D]atstakeSectionII:ClozeTestDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thegovernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases__31__thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant__32__oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea__33__billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses__34__andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof__35__thatcanbegiventoacase__36__atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe__37__withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot__38__sufficientcontrol.__39__ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda__40__ofmediaprotestwhenhesaidthe__41__ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges__42__toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRightsBill,which__43__theEuropeanConventiononHumanRightslegally__44__inBritain,laiddownthateverybodywas__45__toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheirfamilies.“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands__46__ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean__47__afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere__48__tohavereceivedpaymentsfortellingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised__49__witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto__50__guiltyverdicts.31.[A]asto[B]forinstance[C]inparticular（D）[D]suchas32.[A]tightening[B]intensifying[C]focusing（A）[D]fastening-366- 33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C]preliminary（D）[D]draft34.[A]illogical[B]illegal[C]improbable（B）[D]improper35.[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity（A）[D]peculiarity36.[A]since[B]if[C]before（C）[D]as37.[A]sided[B]shared[C]complied（D）[D]agreed38.[A]present[B]offer[C]manifest（B）[D]indicate39.[A]Release[B]Publication[C]Printing（B）[D]Exposure40.[A]storm[B]rage[C]flare（A）-366- [D]flash41.[A]translation[B]interpretation[C]exhibition（B）[D]demonstration42.[A]betterthan[B]otherthan[C]ratherthan（C）[D]soonerthan43.[A]changes[B]makes[C]sets（B）[D]turns44.[A]binding[B]convincing[C]restraining（A）[D]sustaining45.[A]authorized[B]credited[C]entitled（C）[D]qualified46.[A]with[B]to[C]from（A）[D]by47.[A]impact[B]incident[C]inference（D）[D]issue48.[A]stated[B]remarked-366- [C]said（C）[D]told49.[A]what[B]when[C]which（D）[D]that50.[A]assure[B]confide[C]ensure（C）[D]guaranteeSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Text1Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderfor-366- amateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.51.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas________.[A]sociologyandchemistry[B]physicsandpsychology[C]sociologyandpsychology（D）[D]physicsandchemistry52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat________.[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity（B）[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate________.[A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications（A）[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs54.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis________.[A]thedevelopmentincommunication[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge（C）[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocietiesText2Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.Mywife-366- andIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoregovernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure--includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.55.Digitaldivideissomething________.[A]gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet[B]therichcountriesareresponsiblefor[C]theworldmustguardagainst（C）[D]consideredpositivetoday56.GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit________.[A]offerseconomicpotentials[B]canbringforeignfunds[C]cansoonwipeoutworldpoverty（A）[D]connectspeopleallovertheworld57.ThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicyof________.[A]providingfinancialsupportoverseas[B]preventingforeigncapital’scontrol-366- [C]buildingindustrialinfrastructure（D）[D]acceptingforeigninvestment58.Itseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuchon________.[A]howwelldevelopeditiselectronically[B]whetheritisprejudicedagainstimmigrants[C]whetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialpattern（A）[D]howmuchcontrolithasoverforeigncorporationsText3WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.59.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?-366- [A]needsofthereadersallovertheworld[B]causesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutnewspapers[C]originsofthedecliningnewspaperindustry（B）[D]aimsofajournalismcredibilityproject60.Theresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedouttobe________.[A]quitetrustworthy[B]somewhatcontradictory[C]veryilluminating（D）[D]rathersuperficial61.Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir________.[A]workingattitude[B]conventionallifestyle[C]worldoutlook（C）[D]educationalbackground62.Despiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits________.[A]failuretorealizeitsrealproblem[B]tendencytohireannoyingreporters[C]likelinesstodoinaccuratereporting（A）[D]prejudiceinmattersofraceandgenderText4Theworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:“Won’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollableanti-competitiveforce?”There’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandwelcomeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.IbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer’sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,-366- theworld’swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.YetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldrecreatethesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOiltrustwasbrokenup.Themergersoftelecomcompanies,suchasWorldCom,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.Microsoftcase?63.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestoday?[A]totakeinmoreforeignfunds[B]toinvestmoreabroad[C]tocombineandbecomebigger（C）[D]totradewithmorecountries64.Accordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awaveis________.[A]thegreatercustomerdemands[B]asurplussupplyforthemarket[C]agrowingproductivity（A）[D]theincreaseoftheworld’swealth65.Fromparagraph4wecaninferthat________.[A]theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtconsumers[B]WorldComservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandcosts[C]thecostsoftheglobalizationprocessareenormous（D）[D]theStandardOiltrustmighthavethreatenedcompetition66.Towardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe________.[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic（B）[D]biasedText5-366- WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall,”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuildupofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife,”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”--has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’90sequivalentofdroppingout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshiftinginthemid-’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.67.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph1?[A]Full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend.[B]Thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob.[C]“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment.（B）[D]Thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily.68.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting________.[A]enableshertorealizeherdream[B]helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife[C]promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus（B）-366- [D]leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine69.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby________.[A]non-materialisticlifestyle[B]abitofeverything[C]extremestress（C）[D]anti-consumerism70.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof________.[A]thequickpaceofmodernlife[B]man’sadventurousspirit[C]man’ssearchformythicalexperiences（D）[D]theeconomicsituationSectionIV:English-ChineseTranslationDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Inlessthan30year’stimetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71)Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputerhumanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbe-366- predicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75)Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.SectionV:Writing76.Directions:Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herownunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1)showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,2)giveaspecificexample,and3)giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)2001年参考答案SectionI:StructureandVocabulary(15points)PartA(5points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[B]6.[D]7.[D]8.[A]9.[C]10.[A]PartB(10points)-366- 11.[B]12.[A]13.[B]14.[C]15.[C]16.[C]17.[D]18.[A]19.[C]20.[B]21.[D]22.[C]23.[B]24.[A]25.[C]26.[A]27.[D]28.[B]29.[B]30.[D]SectionII:ClozeText(10points)31.[D]32.[A]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[C]37.[D]38.[B]39.[B]40.[A]41.[B]42.[C]43.[B]44.[A]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[D]50.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(40points)51.[D]52.[B]53.[A]54.[C]55.[C]56.[A]57.[D]58.[A]59.[B]60.[D]61.[C]62.[A]63.[C]64.[A]65.[D]66.[B]67.[B]68.[B]69.[C]70.[D]SectionIV:English-ChineseTranslation(15points)71.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停驶。72.儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字体时代就来到了。73.皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的新技术千年历，它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。74.但皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化慢长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。”75.家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂躁。SectionV:Writing(20points)76.参考范文（略）Thispictureisasymbolthattellsushowweshoulduseourlove:ourloveislikealamp;thedarkertheplace,thebrighterthelight.Indeed,loveismostpreciouswhenitisofferedtosomeonewhoisindifficulty.Icantellyouarealstoryhere.WhenIwasachild,myfamilymovedtothecountryside.Amongournewneighborswasaparalyzedwoman.Asaninnocentchild,Isomehowshowedsomeinterestinher.WhenIhadtime,Iwouldtoseeher.WhenIhadsomethingtoeat,Iwouldlether-366- sharewithme.Onedayshesuddenlysaidtome,tearinhereyes,“IwillblessyouwhenIaminheaven.”Iknewmyloveforherhadworkedwonders,forIhadneverheardherspeakingandIthoughtshehadlostherabilitytospeak.HerblessingmayhavereallyworkedforIhavebeenaluckypersoninworkandinlife.AsfarasIunderstand,loveissympathyandsinceritythatneedsnotbeexpressedintermsofmoneyorsweetwords.Astheproverbgoes,“ahandmaysmellfragrantwhenitgivesrosestoothers.”Ibelieveloveisthemostpreciousthingintheworldandweshouldgiveittothosewhoneeditmost.2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(一)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则,得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。2.答题前,考生应将答题卡上的”考生姓名”、”报考单位”、”考试语种”、”考生编号”等信息填写清楚,并与准考证上的一致。3.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题(一)、试题(二)。4.本试题为试题(一),共4页(1～4页)。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。5.试题(一)为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节,所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝(黑)圆珠笔答题,注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂,如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。6.听力考试进行时,考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上,然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内,将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。SectionI:ListeningComprehensionDirections:ThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartA-366- Directions:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou’veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)Welch’sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversitysociology1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)19302FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)233MainInterestreligions4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)19545Death(Age)77PartBDirections:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutsidethespeaker’shome?6.____(cameramen/cameramen)____Onereportergottothespeaker’sapartmentpretendingtopay7.____(apersonalvisit)____Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking8.____(depressed)____Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?9.____(amongadvertisements)____Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllostreadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsdirectors-366- 10.____(takefirmaction)____PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren’shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?[A]Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.[B]Whattheyaremostworriedabout.[C]Howlongtheirparentsaccompanythemdaily.（D）[D]Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo________.[A]getenoughentertainment[B]havemoreactivities[C]receiveearlyeducation（B）[D]haveregularcheckups13.Accordingtothereport,children’sbedroomsshould________.[A]benoplaceforplay[B]benearacommonarea[C]havenoTVsets（C）[D]haveacomputerforstudyQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?[A]Familydebts.[B]Banksavings.[C]Monthlybills.（D）[D]Spendinghabits.15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?-366- [A]$190,000.[B]$330,000.[C]$500,000.（B）[D]$1,000,000.16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?[A]Investintoamutualfund.[B]Usethediscounttickets.[C]Quithiseating-outhabit.（A）[D]Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer’spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?[A]Fall[B]Rise[C]V-shape（A）[D]Zigzag18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?[A]Toembracechangesofthought.[B]Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.[C]Toreturntothepracticeinthe‘60sand‘70s.（D）[D]Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?[A]Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.[B]Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.[C]Theywereafraidoflosingface.（C）[D]theywerewillingtostaytogether.20.Yearsagoadivorcedmaninacompanywouldhave.[A]beenshiftedaroundthecountry.[B]haddifficultybeingpromoted.[C]enjoyedahappierlife.（B）[D]tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.-366- THISISTHEENDOFSECTIONIDONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTIONUNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUE全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题(二)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)考生注意事项1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。2.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题(一)、试题(二)。3.本试题为试题(二)，共11页(5～15页)，含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝(黑)圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。4.考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题(一)、试题(二)交给监考人员。SectionII:UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened__21__.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot__22__the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic__23__,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe__24__oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution__25__up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading__26__throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures__27__the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin__28__.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,__29__,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,__30__bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,__31__itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately__32__.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas__33__,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage__34__increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,__35__generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch__36__.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe__37__withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas__38__bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen__39__-366- viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed__40__“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.21.[A]between[B]before[C]since（A）[D]later22.[A]after[B]by[C]during（D）[D]until23.[A]means[B]method[C]medium（C）[D]measure24.[A]process[B]company[C]light（B）[D]form25.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked（B）[D]picked26.[A]on[B]out[C]over（A）[D]off27.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond（D）[D]into28.[A]concept-366- [B]dimension[C]effect（D）[D]perspective29.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however（C）[D]therefore30.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated（B）[D]characterized31.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest（D）[D]although32.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative（A）[D]plausible33.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental（A）[D]instrumental34.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity（C）[D]faculty35.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto（B）[D]inlinewith-366- 36.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer（D）[D]smaller37.[A]context[B]range[C]scope（A）[D]territory38.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced（C）[D]effected39.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting（B）[D]irrational40.[A]above[B]upon[C]against（C）[D]withSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganized-366- bosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould________.[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople（C）[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare________.[A]impolitetonewarrivals[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole[C]entitledtosomeprivileges（B）[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices________.[A]havebenefitedmanypeople[B]arethefocusofpublicattention[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor（D）-366- [D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered________.[A]inwell-wordedlanguage[B]asawkwardlyaspossible[C]inexaggeratedstatements（D）[D]ascasuallyaspossible45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe________.[A]UseHumorEffectively[B]VariousKindsofHumor[C]AddHumortoSpeech（A）[D]DifferentHumorStrategiesText2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics--thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy--fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves--goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,”saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan’tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain’sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented--andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated--thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabig-366- crowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan’tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin________.[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork（C）[D]theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork47.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans________.[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices（C）[D]creatures48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman’sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan________.[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally[C]havealittlecommonsense（D）[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso________.[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention[C]improvefactoryenvironments（B）[D]cultivatehumancreativity50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare________.[A]expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure[B]abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately[C]farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation（C）[D]bestusedinacontrolledenvironmentText3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloom-366- anddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis________.[A]globalinflation[B]reductioninsupply[C]fastgrowthineconomy（B）[D]Iraq’ssuspensionofexports52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif________.[A]priceofcruderises[B]commoditypricesrise[C]consumptionrises（D）[D]oiltaxesrise53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries________.[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices-366- [C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed（D）[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat________.[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices（A）[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems________.[A]optimistic[B]sensitive[C]gloomy（A）[D]scaredText4TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects--agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen--ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It’slikesurgery,”hesays.“Wedon’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt’srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsof-366- end-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,”totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse.”Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension.”56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat________.[A]doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’pain[B]itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives[C]theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide（B）[D]patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death.[B]Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.[C]TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.（C）[D]Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.58.AccordingtotheNAS’sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis________.[A]prolongedmedicalprocedures[B]inadequatetreatmentofpain[C]systematicdrugabuse（B）[D]insufficienthospitalcare59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line3,paragraph7)?[A]Bold[B]Harmful[C]Careless（A）[D]Desperate60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey________.[A]managetheirpatientsincompetently[B]givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded[C]reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients（D）[D]prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients-366- PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values.”Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.SectionIV:Writing66.Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled“Cultures--NationalandInternational”.Intheessayyoushould1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)-366- AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume(服装)2002年参考答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.sociology2.19303.234.religions5.1954PartB(5points)6.cameramen/cameramen7.apersonalvisit8.depressed9.amongadvertisements10.takefirmactionPartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[B]16.[A]17.[A]18.[D]19.[C]20.[B]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[A]22.[D]23.[C]24.[B]25.[B]26.[A]27.[D]28.[D]29.[C]30.[B]31.[D]32.[A]33.[A]34.[C]35.[B]36.[D]37.[A]38.[C]39.[B]40.[C]-366- SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[B]43.[D]44.[D]45.[A]46.[C]47.[C]48.[D]49.[B]50.[C]51.[B]52.[D]53.[D]54.[A]55.[A]56.[B]57.[C]58.[B]59.[A]60.[D]PartB(10points)61.难题这一大于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。62.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。64.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。65.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Cultures--nationalandinternationalAsisshowninthepicture,ayoungAmericangirliswearingtraditionalChinesedressandornamentsandissmilingsweetly.Itmaybeanordinarypicture,butitconveysdeepandprofoundmeaning:nationalcultureisalsointernationalculture.Eversinceweopenedourdoortotheworld,wehaveattractedandinfluencedbythingsfromothercultures,suchasjeans,countrymusicandfastfood.Wehaveshownsuchinterestinthemthatsomepeople,especiallytheyoungergeneration,becomecrazyaboutthem.Themoreexotictheyare,themorefashionabletheyseemtobe.Now,beguntoshowitscharmandgainpopularityallovertheworld.Ournationalcostume,justasshowninthepicture,BeijingOpera,CrossTalk,forexample,havewonfavorwithalotofforeigners.Asnationalculturebecomesinternationalculture,peopleintheworldbetterunderstandeachother.Weareallvillagersinthisglobalvillage.Mutualrespectandunderstandingmakethisworldabetterplacetolivein.2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题-366- SectionI:ListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartB,andPartC.Remember,whileyoushouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhavefiveminutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:ForQuestion1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutBostonMuseumofFineArt.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)BostonMuseumofFineArtsBostonMuseumofFineArtsFounded(year)1870Openedtothepublic(year)1876Question1Movedtothecurrentlocation(year)1909Thewestwingcompleted(year)1981Question2Numberofdepartments9ThemostremarkabledepartmenttextilesQuestion3ExhibitionSpace(m2)19,137Question4Approximatenumberofvisitors/year800,000ProgramsprovidedclasseslecturesconcertsQuestion5PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithanexpertonmarriageproblems.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)-366- Whatshouldbetheprimarysourceofhelpforatroubledcouple?____((thecouple)themselves)____.Question6Writingdownalistofproblemsinthemarriagemayhelpatroubledcouplediscussthem____(constructively)____.Question7Whoshouldacoupleconsiderseriouslyturningtoiftheycan’ttalkwitheachother?____(aqualifiedpsychologist)____.Question8Priestsareusuallyunsuccessfulincounselingtroubledcouplesdespitetheir____(goodintentions)____.Question9Accordingtotheoldnotion,whatwillmakeheartsgrowfonder?____(absence)____.Question10PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswersyouwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnapping,younowhave15secondstoreadquestions11-13.11.Childrenunderfivehaveabundantenergypartlybecausethey________.[A]sleepinthreedistinctparts[B]havemanyfive-minutenaps[C]sleepinonelongblock（D）[D]takeoneortwonapsdaily12.Accordingtothespeaker,thesleeppatternofababyisdeterminedby________.[A]itsgenes[B]itshabit[C]itsmentalstate（A）[D]itsphysicalcondition13.Thetalksuggeststhat,ifyoufeelsleepythroughtheday,youshould________.[A]takesomerefreshment[B]gotobedearly[C]havealongrest（D）[D]giveintosleepQuestions14-16arebasedonthefollowinginterviewwithShermanAlexie,anAmericanIndianpoet.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.-366- 14.WhydidShermanAlexieonlytakedayjobs?[A]Hecouldbringunfinishedworkhome.[B]Hemighthavetimetopursuehisinterests.[C]Hemightdosomeeveningteaching.（B）[D]Hecouldinvestmoreemotioninhisfamily.15.Whatwashisoriginalgoalatcollege?[A]toteachinhighschool[B]towritehisownbooks[C]tobeamedicaldoctor（C）[D]tobeamathematician16.Whydidhetakethepoetry-writingclass?[A]Tofollowhisfather.[B]Foraneasygrade.[C]Tochangehisspecialty.（B）[D]Forknowledgeofpoetry.Questions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutpublicspeaking.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whatisthemostimportantthinginpublicspeaking?[A]Confidence.[B]Preparation.[C]Informativeness.（B）[D]Organization.18.Whatdoesthespeakeradviseustodotocapturetheaudience’sattention?[A]Gatherabundantdata.[B]Organizetheidealogically.[C]Developagreatopening.（C）[D]Selectappropriatematerial.19.Ifyoudon’tstartworkingforthepresentationuntilthedaybefore,youwillfeel________.[A]uneasy[B]uncertain[C]frustrated（A）[D]depressed-366- 20.Whoisthisspeechmostprobablymeantfor?[A]Thoseinterestedinthepowerofpersuasion.[B]Thosetryingtoimprovetheirpublicimage.[C]Thoseplanningtotakeupsomepublicwork.（D）[D]Thoseeagertobecomeeffectivespeakers.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.SectionII:UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious__21__tohowtheycanbebest__22__suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand__23__,butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.__24__theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe__25__thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare__26__byothers.However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe__27__toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,__28__,publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,__29__studentartwork,andsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide__30__opportunitiesforleadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful__31__dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe__32__ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult__33__visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave__34__attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized__35__participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto__36__elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants__37__.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.__38__theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby__39__forrolesthatarewithintheir__40__andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.21.[A]thought[B]idea[C]opinion（A）[D]advice22.[A]strengthen[B]accommodate[C]stimulate（B）[D]enhance-366- 23.[A]care[B]nutrition[C]exercise（C）[D]leisure24.[A]If[B]Although[C]Whereas（D）[D]Because25.[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence（C）[D]tolerance26.[A]claimed[B]admired[C]ignored（B）[D]surpassed27.[A]improper[B]risky[C]fair（D）[D]wise28.[A]ineffect[B]asaresult[C]forexample（C）[D]inasense29.[A]displaying[B]describing[C]creating（A）[D]exchanging30.[A]durable[B]excessive[C]surplus（D）-366- [D]multiple31.[A]groups[B]individual[C]personnel（A）[D]corporation32.[A]consent[B]insurance[C]admission（D）[D]security33.[A]particularly[B]barely[C]definitely（B）[D]rarely34.[A]similar[B]long[C]different（D）[D]short35.[A]ifonly[B]nowthat[C]sothat（C）[D]evenif36.[A]everything[B]anything[C]nothing（D）[D]something37.[A]off[B]down[C]out（B）[D]alone38.[A]Onthecontrary[B]Ontheaverage-366- [C]Onthewhole（A）[D]Ontheotherhand39.[A]making[B]standing[C]planning（C）[D]taking40.[A]capability[B]responsibility[C]proficiency（A）[D]efficiencySectionIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Readthefollowingforetexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe“greatgame”ofespionage--spyingasa“profession.”ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan’svocationaswell.Thelastrevolutionisn’tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit“opensourceintelligence,”andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatwww.straitford.com.StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster’sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine.“Assoonasthatreportruns,we’llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-upsfromUkraine,”saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.“Andwe’llhearbackfromsomeofthem.”-366- Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That’swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.FriedmanreliesonaleanstaffinAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm’soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford’sbriefsdon’tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagenciesavoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.41.TheemergenceoftheNethas________.[A]receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan[B]remoldedtheintelligenceservices[C]restoredmanycommonpastimes（B）[D]revivedspyingasaprofession42.Donovan’sstoryismentionedinthetextto________.[A]introducethetopicofonlinespying[B]showhowhefoughtfortheU.S.[C]giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar（A）[D]honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA43.Thephrase“makingthebiggestsplash”(line1,paragraph3)mostprobablymeans________.[A]causingthebiggesttrouble[B]exertingthegreatesteffort[C]achievingthegreatestsuccess（C）[D]enjoyingthewidestpopularity44.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that________.[A]Straitford’spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue[B]Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation[C]Straitford’sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability（D）[D]Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation45.Straitfordismostproudofits________.[A]officialstatus[B]nonconformistimage[C]efficientstaff（B）[D]militarybackgroundText2-366- Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,“allthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,shewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes.”Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,“Don’tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.”Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’tunderstand.Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,understandableway--inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’shipreplacement,afather’sbypassoperation,ababy’svaccinations,andevenapet’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.Muchcanbedone.Scientistscould“adopt”middleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke’swordsto________.[A]callonscientiststotakesomeactions[B]criticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights[C]warnofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch（A）[D]showthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis________.[A]cruelbutnatural[B]inhumanandunacceptable[C]inevitablebutvicious（B）[D]pointlessandwasteful48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic’s________.-366- [A]discontentwithanimalresearch[B]ignoranceaboutmedicalscience[C]indifferencetoepidemics（B）[D]anxietyaboutanimalrights49.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientistsshould________.[A]communicatemorewiththepublic[B]employhi-techmeansinresearch[C]feelnoshamefortheircause（A）[D]strivetodevelopnewcures50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis________.[A]awell-knownhumanist[B]amedicalpractitioner[C]anenthusiastinanimalrights（D）[D]asupporterofanimalresearchText3Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwho-366- winsandwholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.51.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause________.[A]costreductionisbasedoncompetition[B]servicescallforcross-tradecoordination[C]outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist（C）[D]shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat52.Whatismanycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?[A]Indifferent.[B]Supportive.[C]Indignant.（D）[D]Apprehensive.53.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that________.[A]shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad[B]therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide[C]overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief（C）[D]agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness54.Theword“arbiters”(line7,paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose________.[A]whoworkascoordinators[B]whofunctionasjudges[C]whosupervisetransactions（B）[D]whodeterminetheprice55.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby________.[A]thecontinuingacquisition[B]thegrowingtraffic[C]thecheeringWallStreet（A）-366- [D]theshrinkingmarketText4ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.Smallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutessurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath--andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians--frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient--toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.In1950,theU.S.spent$7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbe$1,540billion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage--say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway,”sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Askaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?[A]Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.[B]Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.[C]Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.（C）[D]Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat________.[A]medicalresourcesareoftenwasted-366- [B]doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases[C]sometreatmentsaretooaggressive（A）[D]medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable58.Theauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sremarkisoneof________.[A]strongdisapproval[B]reservedconsent[C]slightcontempt（B）[D]enthusiasticsupport59.IncontrastotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare________.[A]moreflexibly[B]moreextravagantly[C]morecautiously（D）[D]morereasonably60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat________.[A]medicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slives[B]lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving[C]deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife（C）[D]excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcarePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinessegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,and-366- sociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture,”liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.SectionIV:Writing66.Directions:Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethesetofdrawings,Interpretitsmeaning,and2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)-366- 2003年参考答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.18762.19813.textiles4.19,1375.concertsPartB(5points)6.(thecouple)themselves7.constructively8.aqualifiedpsychologist9.goodintentions10.absencePartC(10points)11.[D]12.[A]13.[D]14.[B]15.[C]16.[B]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[A]22.[B]23.[C]24.[D]25.[C]-366- 26.[B]27.[D]28.[C]29.[A]30.[D]31.[A]32.[D]33.[B]34.[D]35.[C]36.[D]37.[B]38.[A]39.[C]40.[A]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[B]42.[A]43.[C]44.[D]45.[B]46.[A]47.[B]48.[B]49.[A]50.[D]51.[C]52.[D]53.[C]54.[B]55.[A]56.[C]57.[A]58.[B]59.[D]60.[C]PartB(10points)61.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而是让所有其它形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。62.社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图象自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。63.强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。64.泰勒把文化定义为“……一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。65.因此，人类学中“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Asisshowninthetwopictures,thesameflowerhasdifferentfatewhenputindifferentsituations.Whenthereisprotection,theflowerbloomsbeautifully.However,whenexposeddirectlytorainandstorm,theflowerquicklywithers.Wecansafelycometotheconclusionthatgreenhouseflowerscannotwithstandrainandstorm.Thesameistruewithourchildren.Astheone-childpolicyisadoptedinChina,moreandmoreparentsoverprotecttheirchildren.Witheverythingdoneforthemandeveryneedsatisfiedbytheirparentsorgrandparents,theseonlychildrenseemtobehealthy,happyandhigh-spirited.Butwhentheyleavehome,theybecomedisappointedandfrustrated.Facingharshthingstheyhaveneverexperiencedbefore,suchascompetitionfrompeers,criticismfromsupervisors,pressurefordeadlinesandrestrictionfordiscipline,theywillbeataloss,miserableorevendesperate.Infact,themoreprotectiontheygetfromtheirparents,thelessabilitytheyacquire.Parents’lovefortheir-366- childrenturnsouttobeadisaster.Children,likeflowers,shouldbetreatedwithcare,butreasonableandsensiblewaysofdoingthingswillhelptobringaboutmorefruitfulresults,ifwenotonlyloveourchildrenbutalsoteachthemhowtolove,ourlovewillbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration;ifwenotonlysolveproblemsforourchildrenbutalsoencouragethemtosolveproblems,ourdiligenceandingenuitywillmakeourlifemoremeaningfulandworthwhile.2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:ListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartADirections:Forquestions1-5,youwillhearatalkaboutthegeographyofBelgium.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)GeographyofBelgiumcoastalplaincentralplateauhighlands1Highestaltitudeofthecoastalplain____20____m2humidmild3AprilNovember4low13℃-366- high____22____℃5PartBDirections:ForQuestions6-10,youwillhearaninterviewwithMr.SaffofromtheInstitutefortheFuture.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)WhatisSaffoaccordingtohimself?TheInstitutefortheFutureprovidesservicestoprivatecompaniesand________.TheInstitutebelievesthattothinksystematicallyaboutthelong-rangefutureis________.Tosucceedinanything,oneshouldbeflexible,curiousand________.WhatdoesSaffoconsidertobeessentialtotheworkofateam?A(technology)forecaster6governmentagencies7Ameaningful(exercise)8opentochange9Trustandcooperation10PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)Questions11-13arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutnamingnewborns.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatdoweoftendowiththethingswelove?[A]Askfortheirnames.[B]Namebabiesafterthem.[C]Putdowntheirnames.（D）[D]Choosenamesforthem.12.Theunpleasantmeaningofanoldfamilynameisoftenoverlookedif________.-366- [A]thefamilytreeisfairlylimited[B]thefamilytieisstrongenough[C]thenameiscommonlyused（B）[D]nobodyinthefamilycomplains13.Severalmonthsafterababy’sbirth,itsnamewill________.[A]showthebeautyofitsown[B]developmoreassociations[C]losetheoriginalmeaning（C）[D]helpformthebaby’spersonalityQuestions14-16arebasedonthebiographyofBobbyMoore,anEnglishsoccerplayer.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.14.HowmanymatchesdidMooreplayduringhisprofessionalcareer?[A]90[B]108[C]180（D）[D]66815.In1964,BobbyMoorewasmade________.[A]England’sfootballeroftheyear[B]asoccercoachinWestGermany[C]amedalistforhissportsmanship（A）[D]anumberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire16.AfterMooreretiredfromplaying,thefirstthinghedidwas________.[A]editingSundaySport[B]workingforCapitalRadio[C]managingprofessionalsoccerteams（C）[D]developingasportsmarketingcompanyQuestions17-20arebasedonthefollowingtalkonthecityofBelfast.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Belfasthaslongbeenfamousforits________.[A]oilrefinery[B]linentextiles[C]foodproducts（B）-366- [D]deepwaterport18.WhichofthefollowingdoesBelfastchieflyexport?[A]Soap[B]Grain[C]Steel（A）[D]Tobacco19.WhenwasBelfastfounded?[A]In1177[B]In1315[C]Inthe16thcentury（A）[D]Inthe17thcentury20.WhathappenedinBelfastinthelate18thcentury?[A]Frenchrefugeesarrived.[B]Theharborwasdestroyed.[C]Shipbuildingbegantoflourish.（C）[D]ThecitywastakenbytheEnglish.Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.SectionII:UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories__21__ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior__22__theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough__23__withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin__24__totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,__25__asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues.Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,__26__thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes__27__lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare__28__tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly__29__juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat__30__tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment-366- __31__makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin__32__leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.Familieshavealso__33__changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;__34__,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome__35__wascommoninthetraditionalfamily__36__.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other__37__causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased__38__ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing__39__ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,__40__adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.21.[A]acting[B]relying[C]centering（C）[D]cementing22.[A]before[B]unless[C]until（D）[D]because23.[A]interactions[B]assimilation[C]cooperation（A）[D]consultation24.[A]return[B]reply[C]reference（D）[D]response25.[A]or[B]butrather[C]but（A）[D]orelse26.[A]considering[B]ignoring[C]highlighting（B）[D]discarding-366- 27.[A]on[B]in[C]for（C）[D]with28.[A]immune[B]resistant[C]sensitive（D）[D]subject29.[A]affect[B]reduce[C]chock（A）[D]reflect30.[A]point[B]lead[C]come（B）[D]amount31.[A]ingeneral[B]onaverage[C]bycontrast（A）[D]atlength32.[A]case[B]short[C]turn（C）[D]essence33.[A]survived[B]noticed[C]undertaken（D）[D]experienced34.[A]contrarily[B]consequently[C]similarly（B）-366- [D]simultaneously35.[A]than[B]that[C]which（A）[D]as36.[A]system[B]structure[C]concept（B）[D]heritage37.[A]assessable[B]identifiable[C]negligible（B）[D]incredible38.[A]expense[B]restriction[C]allocation（D）[D]availability39.[A]incidence[B]awareness[C]exposure（A）[D]popularity40.[A]provided[B]since[C]although（C）[D]supposingSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D]MarkyourmowersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)-366- Text1Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite’s“personalsearchagent.”It’saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualproperty,andWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening.“Istruckgold,”saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopeningscanbetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:“Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,”saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept--whatyouthinkyouwanttodo--thenbroadenit.“Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,”saysanotherexpert.“There’snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis.”Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipservicetokeepabreastofjobsinaparticulardatabase;whenyougetE-mail,consideritaremindertocheckthedatabaseagain.“Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,”saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite’sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs--thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem--andtheydo.“Onthedayafterwesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,”saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren’thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder.“Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,”hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.41.HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?[A]Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.[B]Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.[C]Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.（C）[D]ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.42.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?[A]Lackofcounseling.[B]Limitednumberofvisits.[C]Lowerefficiency.（A）[D]Fewersuccessfulmatches.-366- 43.Theexpression“tipservice”(Line4,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans________.[A]advisory[B]compensation[C]interaction（D）[D]reminder44.WhydoesCareerSite’sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?[A]Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.[B]Toattractmorereturningvisits.[C]Toreservespaceformoremessages.（B）[D]Toincreasetherateofsuccess.45.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.[B]SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.[C]Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.（C）[D]Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.Text2Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoëumlZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrétienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinkthey-366- havehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.46.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?[A]Akindofoverlookedinequality.[B]Atypeofconspicuousbias.[C]Atypeofpersonalprejudice.（A）[D]Akindofbranddiscrimination.47.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?[A]InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.[B]ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoëZysman.[C]Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.（D）[D]Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.48.The4thparagraphsuggeststhat________.[A]questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents[B]alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass[C]teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents（C）[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight49.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?[A]Theyaregettingimpatient.[B]Theyarenoisilydozingoff.[C]Theyarefeelinghumiliated.（B）[D]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.50.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.[B]VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.[C]Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.（D）[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Text3-366- Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcutting,fillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketo,either.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.“I’magoodeconomicindicator,”shesays.“Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.”SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus.“Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too”shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertssay,holidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospects,evenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,“there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,”saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.“Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,”saysjohnDeadly,aBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.51.By“EllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet”(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans________.[A]Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness[B]Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork[C]Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit（D）[D]Speroisnotinadesperatesituation52.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?[A]Optimistic.[B]Confused.[C]Carefree.（A）[D]Panicked.-366- 53.Whenmentioning“the$4millionto$10millionrange”(Lines3-4,Paragraph3)theauthoristalkingabout________.[A]goldmarket[B]realestate[C]stockexchange（B）[D]ventureinvestment54.Whycanmanypeoplesee“silverlinings”totheeconomicshowdown?[A]Theywouldbenefitincertainways.[B]Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.[C]Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.（A）[D]Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.55.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?[A]Anowboom,onthehorizon.[B]Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.[C]Cautionallright,panicnot.（C）[D]Themoreventures,themorechances.Text4Americanstodaydon’tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation--nottopursueknowledgeforthesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren’tdifficulttofind.“Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,”sayseducationwriterDianeRavish.“Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance.”Ravitch’slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,“Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.”“Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,”writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanlife,aPulitzerPrizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorous-366- booklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:“Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing.”MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized--goingtoschoolandlearningtoread--sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandimagines.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry’seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho“joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.”56.WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?[A]Thehabitofthinkingindependently.[B]Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.[C]Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.（C）[D]Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.57.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof________.[A]undervaluingintellect[B]favoringintellectualism[C]supportingschoolreform（A）[D]suppressingnativeintelligence58.TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare________.[A]identical[B]similar[C]complementary（D）[D]opposite59.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably________.[A]apioneerofeducationreform[B]anopponentofintellectualism[C]ascholarinfavorofintellect（B）[D]anadvocateofregularschooling60.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?[A]Itissecondtointelligence.[B]Itevolvesfromcommonsense.-366- [C]Itistobepursued.（C）[D]Itunderliespower.PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62)Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscentury,however,whowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafrom“exotic”language,werenotalwayssograteful.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferent,somuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages.Sapir’spupil,BenjaminLeeWhorf,continuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64)Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguage,thespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65)Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhich,initsstrongestform,statesthatlanguageimprisonsthemind,andthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.Later,thisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,butthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguages,Sapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.61.________62.________63.________64.________65.________-366- SectionIV:Writing66.Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)supportyourviewwithexamples.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)2004年参考答案SectionI:ListeningComprehension(20points)PartA(5points)1.highlands2.203.mild4.November5.22PartB(5points)6.A(technology)forecaster;7.governmentagencies;8.Ameaningful(exercise);9.opentochange;10.Trustandcooperation.PartC(10points)11.[D]12.[B]13.[C]14.[D]15.[A]16.[C]17.[B]18.[A]19.[A]20.[C]SectionII:UseofEnglish(10points)21.[C]22.[D]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]-366- 26.[B]27.[C]28.[D]29.[A]30.[B]31.[A]32.[C]33.[D]34.[B]35.[A]36.[B]37.[B]38.[D]39.[A]40.[C]SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(50points)PartA(40points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[D]44.[B]45.[C]46.[A]47.[D]48.[C]49.[B]50.[D]51.[D]52.[A]53.[B]54.[A]55.[C]56.[C]57.[A]58.[D]59.[B]60.[C]PartB(10points)61.希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。62.我们之所有感激他们(两位先驱),是因为在此之后,这些(土著)语言中有一些已经不复存在了,这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了,或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。63.这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著,以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。64.Whorf对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣,逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中,语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。65.Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点,其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维,语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。SectionIV:Writing(20points)66.参考范文Lookatthispicture.Amanisrunningtowardtheendofarace,sweatingallover.Perhapsthereisnothingspecialaboutthemanandtherace,yettheendlineleavesadeepimpressiononusforitisboth“finishline”and“startingline”ifwelookatitfromadifferentangle.Thepicturetellsusalotaboutlife.Anordinaryrunnermaythinkthathisachievementcallsforcelebrationforhehasreachedhisgoal.Butanambitiousrunnerwillwellrealizethathissuccessisthestartingpointforanewrace.Obviously,thewaywelookatthingsdetermineshowfarwewillgo.Ifwefeelsatisfiedwiththeabilitytoreadandwrite,perhapswewillnotstrivetogetacollegeeducation.Again,ifwethinkaBachelordegreeisquiteenough,wewillnottakepainstopasstheexaminationforpostgraduate.Lifeisjustlikeanendlessrace.Ifwedon’tpreparefornewraces,weareeitherdisqualifiedfromtheraceorsurpassedbyothers.That’swhythefinishlineisalsoastartinglive.-366- Ilikethispicture.Imayhavebeenrunningthisendlessrace,butIhavebeenpushedforwardbymyparentsorpeoplearoundme.Fromnowon,Iwillbecomemoreactiveandtaketheinitiative,forthepicturehasreallyenlightenedme.(233words)2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1(10points)Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,__1__thisislargelybecause,__2__animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare__3__toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,__4__themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,__5__,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,__6__wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof__7__humansmellsevenwhentheseare__8__tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,__9__othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate__10__smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend__11__tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell__12__cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen__13__toitoftenenough.Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit__14__tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan__15__newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay__16__explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot__17__oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe__18__newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors__19__forunfamiliarandemergencysignals__20__thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but（C）[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding（B）[D]besides3.[A]limited-366- [B]committed[C]dedicated（A）[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing（C）[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead（B）[D]therefore6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif（A）[D]asif7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining（D）[D]detecting8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining（A）[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for（D）[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique（B）[D]typical-366- 11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages（C）[D]impulses12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge（A）[D]attimes13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn（D）[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient（C）[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger（D）[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise（B）[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware（C）[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect（D）-366- [D]notice19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable（A）[D]suitable20.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith（B）[D]asidefromSectionII:ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)Text1Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitalltoomonkey,aswell.Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,cooperativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodtardily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.dewaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.Intheworldofcapuchinsgrapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoreduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.Theresearchessuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.In-366- thewild,theyareacooperative,grouplivingspecies.Suchcooperationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________.[A]posingacontrast[B]justifyinganassumption[C]makingacomparison（C）[D]explainingaphenomenon22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,paragraphl)impliesthat________.[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother（B）[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament（A）[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys________.[A]prefergrapestocucumbers[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings[C]willnotbecooperativeiffeelingcheated（C）[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.（B）[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.Text2-366- Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatoutnationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOktokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythe100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis”.Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat________.[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife（C）[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas________.[A]aprotector[B]ajudge[C]acritic（D）[D]aguide28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,paragraph4)?-366- [A]Endlessstudieskillaction.[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.（A）[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.（D）[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures.30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause________.[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer（B）[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworseText3Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexercise-366- consciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeisoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.Attheendoftheday,there’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakenupinapanic,”Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams________.[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses[B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears（A）[D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow________.[A]itsfunctioninourdreams[B]themechanismofREMsleep[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions（C）[D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto________.[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind[B]developintohappydreams[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep（D）[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat________.[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression（D）[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavehaddreams?[A]Leadyourlifeasusual.[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.（A）-366- [D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.Text4Americannolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom,”forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing,”hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina.”Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish________.[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture（B）[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s37.Theword“talking”(Line6,paragraph3)denotes________.[A]modesty[B]personality[C]liveliness（D）-366- [D]informality38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.（A）[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.39.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s________.[A]interestintheirlanguage[B]appreciationoftheirefforts[C]admirationfortheirmemory（B）[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as________.[A]“temporary”isto“permanent”[B]“radical”isto“conservative”[C]“functional”isto“artistic”（C）[D]“humble”isto“noble”PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshaveremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoofthenumberedblanktherearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Canada’spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.They’reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.41.____[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.____Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare--tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts--recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.42.____[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.____But“national”doesn’thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial--provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.-366- Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince--oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince--negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalf31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.43.____[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.____AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCoordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That’sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn’tgoneanywherewhiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.44.____[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.____PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow’sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”45.____[B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”____SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.[A]Quebec’sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec’sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent![B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.[D]Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrative-366- costs,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.[G]Ofcoursethepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasistherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47)InEurope,aselsewhere,multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radionewspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.OneItalianexamplewouldbetheBerlusconigroup,whileabroadMaxwellandMurdochcometomind.Clearly,onlythebiggestandmostflexibletelevisioncompaniesaregoingtobeabletocompeteinsucharichandhotly-contestedmarket.48)Thisalonedemonstratesthatthetelevisionbusinessisnotaneasyworldtosurvivein,afactunderlinedbystatisticsthatshowthatoutofeightyEuropeantelevisionnetworksnolessthan50%tookalossin1989.Moreover,theintegrationoftheEuropeancommunitywillobligetelevisioncompaniestocooperatemorecloselyintermsofbothproductionanddistribution.49)Creatinga“Europeanidentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabricoftheOldContinentisnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice--thatofproducingprogramsinEuropeforEurope.ThisentailsreducingourdependenceontheNorthAmericanmarket,whoseprogramsrelatetoexperiencesandculturaltraditionswhicharedifferentfromourown.Inordertoachievetheseobjectives,wemustconcentratemoreonco-productions,theexchangeofnews,documentaryservicesandtraining.ThisalsoinvolvestheagreementsbetweenEuropeancountriesforthecreationofaEuropeanbankforTelevisionProductionwhich,onthemodelofEuropeanInvestmentBank,willhandlethefinancesnecessaryforproductioncosts.50)Indealingwithachallengeonsuchascale,itisnoexaggerationtosay“Unitywestand,dividedwefall”--andifIhadtochooseasloganitwouldbe“Unityinourdiversity.”Aunityofobjectivesthatnonethelessrespectthevariedpeculiaritiesofeachcountry.SectionIII:Writing-366- PartA51.Directions:TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&fashions.Butnowyoufindthatthewordisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Wang,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)2005年参考答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[C]5.[B]6.[A]7.[D]8.[A]9.[D]10.[B]11.[C]12.[A]13.[D]14.[C]15.[D]16.[B]17.[C]18.[D]19.[A]20.[B]-366- SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[B]23.[A]24.[C]25.[B]26.[C]27.[D]28.[A]29.[D]30.[B]31.[A]32.[C]33.[D]34.[D]35.[A]36.[B]37.[D]38.[A]39.[B]40.[C]PartB(10points)41.[E]42.[C]43.[G]44.[F]45.[B]PartC(10points)46.电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。也许在此之前，就加强不同的民族和国家之间的联系而言，电视还从来没有像在最近的欧洲事件中起过如此大的作用。47.多媒体集团在欧洲就像在其他地方一样越来越成功了。这些集团把相互关系密切的电视台、电台、报纸、杂志、出版社整合到了一起。48.仅这一点就表明在电视行业不是一个容易生存的领域。这个事实通过统计数字一目了然，统计表明在80家欧洲电视网中1989年出现亏损的不少于50%。49.创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲统一体”绝非易事，需要战略性选择。正是这些文化和传统组成了连接欧洲大陆的纽带。50.在应付一个如此规模的挑战过程中，我们可以毫不夸张地说，“团结，我们就会站起来；分裂，我们就会倒下去。”SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文ALetter,toQuitJun22,2005DearMr.Wang,Firstofall,pleaseallowmetoexpressmydeepsorrytoyouformyresignation.IdoknowthatthiswillbringaboutmuchtroubletoyousothatIwritetoyouformyexplanation.Idecidedtoquitforsomereasonsasfollows.Tobeginwith,thejobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashionsisnotsuitabletome.What’smore,IampreparingforanotherdegreeandIprefertofurthermystudy.Again,Iapologizeformyresignationtoyou!Iamlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.-366- Sincerelyyours,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文AHelplessFatherThepictureironicallyshowsthatapitiableoldmaninragsisbeinghelplesslykickedoffbyhisthreesonsandadaughter,whoallweardecentclothes.Thefather’snegligentchildrenareallguardingtheirhomegateslesttheiroldfather“rollinto”theirhouseholds.Inotherwords,theyfourignoretheirmoralsenseofassumingtheresponsibilityfortheiroldfathereventhoughtheymaybealllivingasatisfyinglife.Thatisapainfulsceneweoftenencounterinourdailylife.Sadtosay,themoraldeclineoftheyoungergenerationsmaybearatherexplosivesituationinourmodernsociety.Peopledefinitelyhavetheirlivingconditionsimprovedbywiderandwidermargins,asevidencedbythefourchildren’sdecentdressing,buttheirmoralsensestillremainssadlyunchangedorinsomecasesbecomesdramaticallydowngrading.Mostpeoplemighthavebecometoomuchself-centered,andevenworse,theydiscardthetraditionofgivingrespecttotheelderly.Theynolongercarefortheirelders,letalonetheirneighborsorthedisadvantaged;insteadtheytryeverymeanstoavoidresponsibilityforothercitizens.Whenonecaresforothers,onemightevenappearstupidormayevenbedistrusted.Therefore,wehavetotakesomeusefulmeasurestoavoidthescenethatismentionedabove.Wemustlaunchavarietyofcampaignsaboutthereturntothegoodtraditionofgivinghelpandlovetheelderly.Moreover,wemustappealtoourgovernmenttoestablishsomerelevantlawstopunishthosewhoavoidtheirduties.Thelastbutnottheleast,ourrespectforageisanindicationoftheprogressofhumansociety,asimperativesoftraditionsrequire.Wesincerelywishthattheoldmancouldbewelcometoanyofthefourhouseholds,elegantlydressed,andasmileontheface.2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI:UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)ThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’spopulation.__1__homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan’tpossibly__2__.Tohelphomelesspeople__3__independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,__4__theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.__5__everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates__6__anywherefrom600,000to3million.__7__thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis__8__.Oneofthefederalgovernment’sstudies__9__thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.-366- Findingwaysto__10__thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.__11__whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda__12__thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday__13__thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,__14__notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday__15__skillsneedtoturntheirlives__16__.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare__17__programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.__18__EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,__19__it,“Therehastobe__20__ofprograms.Whatweneedisapackagedeal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore（A）[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve（B）[D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with（D）[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take（A）[D]keep5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly（D）[D]not6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range（C）[D]differ-366- 7.[A]Nowthat[B]Although[C]Provided（B）[D]Exceptthat8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing（C）[D]extending9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves（A）[D]discovers10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain（A）[D]dismiss11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even（C）[D]Only12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling（B）[D]house13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding（D）[D]wandering14.[A]when[B]once[C]while（C）-366- [D]whereas15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival（C）[D]maintenance16.[A]around[B]over[C]on（A）[D]up17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary（B）[D]compensating18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As（C）[D]Thus19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes（A）[D]makes20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation（D）[D]coordinationSectionII:ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)-366- Text1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thisis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference”characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto“acultureofconsumption”launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.”Insteadofintimateshopscateringto“aknowledgeableelite,”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.”Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation--language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguage.By1996foreign-bornimmigrantswhohadarrivebefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S.-bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian-Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotesthatchildreninremotevillagesaroundworldarefansofsuperstarslikeAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethinginAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpast,today’ssocialindiceshardlysuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans________.[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating（C）[D]monopolizing22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury________.[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers-366- [C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite（A）[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.________.[A]areresistanttohomogenization[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture（C）[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation24.WhyareAmoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooksmentionedinParagraph5?[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.（D）[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis________.[A]rewarding[B]successful[C]fruitless（B）[D]harmfulText2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry--WilliamShakespeare--buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(ASC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway’sCottage,Shakespeare’sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC’sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus--andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside--don’tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theESCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,which-366- youmaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford’smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)--lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.FromthefirsttwoParagraphs,welearnthat________.[A]thetownsfolkdenytheRSC’scontributiontothetown’srevenue[B]theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstage[C]thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodterms（A）[D]thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism27.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that________.[A]thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparately[B]theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseers[C]thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoers（B）[D]theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthat________.[A]Stratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojects[B]Stratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficulties[C]thetownisnotreallyshortofmoney（C）[D]thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecause________.[A]ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespending[B]thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managed[C]thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptable（D）[D]thetheatreattendanceisontherise30.Fromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthor________.[A]issupportiveofbothsides-366- [B]favorsthetownsfolk’sview[C]takesadetachedattitude（D）[D]issympatheticText3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline.”Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.31.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat________.[A]largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment[B]smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared[C]largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday（C）[D]slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones32.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat________.-366- [A]thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%[B]thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago[C]thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount（A）[D]thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold33.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(Line1,paragraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat________.[A]fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly[B]thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecorded[C]themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss（C）[D]thedatacollectedsofarareoutofdate34.Dr.Myersandotherresearchersholdthat________.[A]peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan’tworkforalongertime[B]fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass[C]theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel（D）[D]peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation35.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’________.[A]managementefficiency[B]biomasslevel[C]catch-sizelimits（B）[D]technologicalapplicationText4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,-366- livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagestheaverageWesternerissurroundedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda--tolureustoopenourwallets--theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Butwhatweforget--whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting--isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.36.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat________.[A]poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic[B]artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling[C]poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness（D）[D]artistshavechangedtheirfocusofinterest37.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomething________.[A]religious[B]unpleasant[C]entertaining（B）[D]commercial38.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising________.[A]emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart[B]isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic[C]replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformation（D）[D]createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself39.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves________.[A]happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness[B]theanti-happyartisdistastefulbutrefreshing[C]miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied（B）-366- [D]theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?[A]Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.[B]Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.[C]Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.（A）[D]Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofnumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)OnthenorthbankoftheOhioRiversitsEvansville,Ind.,homeofDavidWilliams,52,andofariverboatcasinowheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williams,astateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lostapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,aFunCard,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecallselectronicmorphine.(41)________.In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.InMarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m.,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.InMarch1998,afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblingproblems.ThecasinoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima“ceaseadmissions”letter.Notingthemedical/psychologicalnatureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothecasinohewouldhavetopresentmedical/psychologicalinformationdemonstratingthatpatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42)________.TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning:“Enjoythefun...andalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit.”Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.Nevertheless,Williams’ssuitchargesthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling,”intentionallyworkedto“lure”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill.”Well.(43)________.ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM-IV)says“pathologicalgambling”involvespersistent,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlessofmoney-366- thanofthrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44)________.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersakintophysicaldisabilities.(45)________.Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton--youmightsayaddictedto--revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcasinoseveryweek.With$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghaspassedpornographyastheWeb’smostprofitablebusiness.[A]Althoughnosuchevidencewaspresented,thecasino’smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoandusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.[B]Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?[C]Bythetimehehadlost$5,000hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit.Onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.[D]GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy:themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisgovernment.[E]DavidWilliams’ssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonit.[F]Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionswhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.[G]Theanonymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespeciallyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoveagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.OurtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)IsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergertoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmericans.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmericans,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulately,-366- andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals--theaveragescientist,forone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties--heisnotsupposedtocookhisexperiments,manufactureevidence,ordoctorhisreports.49)Buthisprimarytaskisnottothinkaboutthemoralcode,whichgovernshisactivity,anymorethanabusinessmanisexpectedtodedicatehisenergiestoanexplorationofrulesofconductinbusiness.Duringmostofhiswakinglifehewilltakehiscodeforgranted,asthebusinessmantakeshisethics.Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.50)Theymayteachverywellandmorethanearntheirsalaries,butmostofthemmakelittleornoindependentreflectionsonhumanproblemswhichinvolvemoraljudgment.Thisdescriptionevenfitsthemajorityofeminentscholars.“Beinglearnedinsomebranchofhumanknowledgeisonething,livinginpublicandillustriousthoughts,”asEmersonwouldsay,“issomethingelse.”SectionIII:WritingPartA51.DirectionsYouwanttocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialaidtoachildinaremotearea.Writealettertothedepartmentconcerned,askingthemtohelpfindacandidate.Youshouldspecifywhatkindofchildyouwanttohelpandhowyouwillcarryoutyourplan.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter;use“LiMing”instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayof160~200wordsinwhichyoushould1.describethephotosbriefly,2.interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythem,and3.giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)-366- 有两幅图片，图1把崇拜写在脸上；图2花300元做“小贝头”注：Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。2006年参考答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.[A]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[D]6.[C]7.[B]8.[C]9.[A]10.[A]11.[C]12.[B]13.[D]14.[C]15.[C]16.[A]17.[B]18.[C]19.[A]20.[D]SectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.[C]22.[A]23.[C]24.[D]25.[B]26.[A]27.[B]28.[C]29.[D]30.[D]31.[C]32.[A]33.[C]34.[D]35.[B]36.[D]37.[B]38.[D]39.[B]40.[A]PartB(10points)41.[C]42.[A]43.[B]44.[F]45.[D]PartC(10points)46．我将他定义为一个对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。-366- 47．他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。48．我之所以把他（普通科学家）排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。49．但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。50．他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文DearSirorMadam,Asacollegestudentwhoisstudyingandlivinginagoodenvironment,IwishtocontributetoProjectHopebyofferingfinancialassistancetoachildinaremotearea.Havingconceivedsuchaplanforalongtime,Iwritethislettertorequestyourhelptorecommendapropercandidate.Iwonderifitisconvenientforyouifthreethingsconcerningthechildaretakenintoconsideration.First,thechildshouldcomefromGansuProvince,forIintendtohelpachildfrommyhometown.Second,itwillbebetterifthechildisaprimaryschoolstudent.IhopeIwillhelphim/herfromtheverybeginning.Inaddition,he/shemustbewillingtoreturntohishometowntohelpbuiltitaftergraduationfromuniversity.Myplanwillbecarriedoutasfollows.Ononehand,Iwillremitatleast2,000Yuanincasheveryyearuntilhe/shefinisheshis/hereducationbeforeenteringcollege.Ontheotherhand,IdecidetoteachthechildmathandEnglishinpersonduringmysummervacation,whichwillsurelybemorebeneficialtothechild.Yourprompthelpwouldbehighlyappreciated.AndIamlookingforwardtoyourreplyverysoon.Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Howironicthetwopicturesareindescribingoneofthemostwidespreadsocialphenomenaconcerningidoladoration!Inthefirstpicture,ayoungmanwritesthenameofBeckhamonhisface.Inthesecondpicture,anotheryoungmanspends300YuanindealingwithhishairtomakehimselflooklikeBeckham.-366- ThemeaningconveyedinthetwopicturesrevealsthatincurrentChinasomeyoungpeoplearelosingthemselves.IamgreatlyshockedbytheenthusiasmforthisBritishfootballsuperstarshownbythesetwoyoungmen.Franklyspeaking,thingsofthiskindreallyhappenamongus.Somepeople,especiallycollegestudents,donothingbutconcentrateonimitatingsuperstars.Thisdoesgreatharmtotheirstudyandgrowth.Ifwecan’tstoptheworseningofthistendency,ourownculturewillbedamaged,andweourselveswillbetheultimatevictims.Frommypointofview,alotofmeasuresshouldbetakentosaveourlosingcultureandre-findourselves.Infact,somemeasureshavealreadybeentaken.Inmyuniversity,campaignshavebeenlaunchedtoeducatepeopletopaymoreattentiontoourtraditionalcultureandreadmorebooksinsteadoffocusingonourappearances.Asaresult,wehavewitnessedsomeimprovementsbutstillthereisalongwaytogo.2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)By1830theformerSpanishandPortuguesecolonieshadbecomeindependentnations.Theroughly20million_____1_____ofthesenationslooked______2_____tothefuture.BorninthecrisisoftheoldregimeandIberianColonialism,manyoftheleadersofindependence____3_____theidealsofrepresentativegovernment,careers____4____totalent,freedomofcommerceandtrade,the______5____toprivateproperty,andabeliefintheindividualasthebasisofsociety.____6___therewasabeliefthatthenewnationsshouldbesovereignandindependentstates,largeenoughtobeeconomicallyviableandintegratedbya_____7______setoflaws.Ontheissueof______8_____ofreligionandthepositionoftheChurch,____9_____,therewaslessagreement_____10____theleadership.RomanCatholicismhadbeenthestatereligionandtheonlyone_____11___bytheSpanishcrown.______12______mostleaderssoughttomaintainCatholicism_____13_____theofficialreligionofthenewstates,somesoughttoendthe______14_____ofotherfaiths.ThedefenseoftheChurchbecamearallying___15_____fortheconservativeforces.Theidealsoftheearlyleadersofindependencewereoftenegalitarian,valuingequalityofeverything.BolivarhadreceivedaidfromHaitiandhad____16_____inreturntoabolishslaveryintheareasheliberated.By1854slaveryhadbeenabolishedeverywhereexceptSpain’s____17_____colonies.EarlypromisestoendIndiantributeandtaxesonpeopleofmixedorigincamemuch___18___becausethenewnationsstillneededtherevenuesuchpolicies___19____.Egalitariansentimentswereoftentemperedbyfearsthatthemassofthepopulationwas____20____self-ruleanddemocracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally-366- 7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzledby[B]hostileto[C]pessimisticabout[D]unpreparedforSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouweretoexaminethebirthcertificatesofeverysoccerplayerin2006’sWorldCuptournament,youwouldmostlikelyfindanoteworthyquirk:elitesoccerplayersaremorelikelytohavebeenbornintheearliermonthsoftheyearthaninthelatermonths.IfyouthenexaminedtheEuropeannationalyouthteamsthatfeedtheWorldCupandprofessionalranks,youwouldfindthisstrangephenomenontobeevenmorepronounced.Whatmightaccountforthisstrangephenomenon?Hereareafewguesses:a)certainastrologicalsignsconfersuperiorsoccerskills;b)winter-bornbabiestendtohavehigheroxygencapacity,whichincreasessoccerstamina；c)soccer-madparentsaremorelikelytoconceiveinspringtime,attheannualpeakofsoccermania;d)noneoftheabove.AndersEricsson,a58-year-oldpsychologyprofessoratFloridaStateUniversity,sayshebelievesstronglyin“noneoftheabove.”EricssongrewupinSweden,andstudiednuclearengineeringuntilherealizedhewouldhavemoreopportunitytoconducthisownresearchifheswitchedtopsychology.Hisfirstexperiment,nearly30yearsago,involvedmemory:trainingapersontohearandthenrepeatarandomseriesofnumbers.“Withthefirstsubject,afterabout20hoursoftraining,hisdigitspanhadrisenfrom7to20,”Ericssonrecalls.“Hekeptimproving,andafterabout200hoursoftraininghehadrisentoover80numbers.”Thissuccess,coupledwithlaterresearchshowingthatmemoryitselfisnotgeneticallydetermined,ledEricssontoconcludethattheactofmemorizingismoreofacognitiveexercisethananintuitiveone.Inotherwords,whateverinborndifferencestwopeoplemayexhibitintheirabilitiestomemorize,thosedifferencesareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.Andthebestwaytolearnhowtoencodeinformationmeaningfully,Ericssondetermined,wasaprocessknownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,itinvolvessettingspecificgoals,obtainingimmediatefeedbackandconcentratingasmuchontechniqueasonoutcome.-366- Ericssonandhiscolleagueshavethustakentostudyingexpertperformersinawiderangeofpursuits,includingsoccer.Theygatherallthedatatheycan,notjustperformancestatisticsandbiographicaldetailsbutalsotheresultsoftheirownlaboratoryexperimentswithhighachievers.Theirworkmakesaratherstartlingassertion:thetraitwecommonlycalltalentishighlyoverrated.Or,putanotherway,expertperformers—whetherinmemoryorsurgery,balletorcomputerprogramming—arenearlyalwaysmade,notborn.21.Thebirthdayphenomenonfoundamongsoccerplayersismentionedto.[A]stresstheimportanceofprofessionaltraining[B]spotlightthesoccersuperstarsontheworldcup[C]introducethetopicofwhatmakesexpertperformance[D]explainwhysomesoccerteamsplaybetterthanothers22.Theword“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.[A]fun[B]craze[C]hysteria[D]excitement23.AccordingtoEricsson,goodmemory.[A]dependsonmeaningfulprocessingofinformation[B]resultsfromintuitiveratherthancognitiveexercises[C]isdeterminedbygeneticratherthanpsychologicalfactors[D]requiresimmediatefeedbackandahighdegreeofconcentration24.Ericssonandhiscolleaguesbelievethat.[A]talentisadominatingfactorforprofessionalsuccess.[B]biographicaldataprovidethekeytoexcellentperformance.[C]theroleoftalenttendstobeoverlooked.[D]highachieversowetheirsuccessmostlytonurture.25.Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?[A]“Faithwillmovemountains.”[B]“Onereapswhatonesows.”[C]“Practicemakesperfect.”[D]“Likefather,likeson.”Text2Forthepastseveralyears,theSundaynewspapersupplementParadehasfeaturedacolumncalled“AskMarilyn.”PeopleareinvitedtoqueryMarilynvosSavant,whoatage10hadtestedatamentallevelofsomeoneabout23yearsold;thatgaveheranIQof228—thehighestscoreeverrecorded.IQtestsaskyoutocompleteverbalandvisualanalogies,toenvisionpaperafterithasbeenfoldedandcut,andtodeducenumericalsequences,amongothersimilartasks.SoitisabitconfusingwhenvosSavantfieldssuchqueriesfromtheaverageJoe(whoseIQis100)as,What’sthedifferencebetweenloveandfondness?Orwhatisthenatureofluckandcoincidence?It’snotobvioushowthecapacitytovisualizeobjectsandtofigureoutnumericalpatternssuitsonetoanswerquestionsthathaveeludedsomeofthebestpoetsandphilosophers.Clearly,intelligenceencompassesmorethanascoreonatest.Justwhatdoesitmeantobesmart?Howmuchofintelligencecanbespecified,andhowmuchcanweearnaboutitfromneurology,genetics,computerscienceandotherfields?-366- ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms:theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren’sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant’sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.Suchstandardizedtestsmaynotassessalltheimportantelementsnecessarytosucceedinschoolandinlife,arguesRobertJ.Sternberg.Inhisarticle“HowIntelligentIsIntelligenceTesting?”,Sternbergnotesthattraditionaltestsbestassessanalyticalandverbalskillsbutfailtomeasurecreativityandpracticalknowledge,componentsalsocriticaltoproblemsolvingandlifesuccess.MoreoverIQtestsdonotnecessarilypredictsowelloncepopulationsorsituationschange.ResearchhasfoundthatIQpredictedleadershipskillswhenthetestsweregivenunderlow-stressconditions,butunderhigh-stressconditions,IQwasnegativelycorrelatedwithleadership——thatis,itpredictedtheopposite.AnyonewhohastoiledthroughSATwilltestifythattest-takingskillalsomatters,whetherit’sknowingwhentoguessorwhatquestionstoskip.26.Whichofthefollowingmayberequiredinanintelligencetest?[A]Answeringphilosophicalquestions.[B]Foldingorcuttingpaperintodifferentshapes.[C]Tellingthedifferencesbetweencertainconcepts.[D]Choosingwordsorgraphssimilartothegivenones.27.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?[A]PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.[B]MoreversionsofIQtestsarenowavailableontheInternet.[C]Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.[D]Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.28.PeoplenowadayscannolongerachieveIQscoresashighasvosSavant’sbecause.[A]thescoresareobtainedthroughdifferentcomputationalprocedures[B]creativityratherthananalyticalskillsisemphasizednow[C]vosSavant’scaseisanextremeonethatwillnotrepeat[D]thedefiningcharacteristicofIQtestshaschanged29.Wecanconcludefromthelastparagraphthat.[A]testscoresmaynotbereliableindicatorsofone’sability[B]IQscoresandSATresultsarehighlycorrelated[C]testinginvolvesalotofguesswork[D]traditionaltestsareoutofdate30.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsIQtests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3-366- Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehasbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.Nowapinkslip,abaddiagnosis,oradisappearingspousecanreduceafamilyfromsolidlymiddleclasstonewlypoorinafewmonths.Injustonegeneration,millionsofmothershavegonetowork,transformingbasicfamilyeconomics.Scholars,policymakers,andcriticsofallstripeshavedebatedthesocialimplicationsofthesechanges,butfewhavelookedatthesideeffect:familyriskhasrisenaswell.Today’sfamilieshavebudgetedtothelimitsoftheirnewtwo-paycheckstatus.Asaresult,theyhavelosttheparachutetheyoncehadintimesoffinancialsetback—aback-upearner(usuallyMom)whocouldgointotheworkforceiftheprimarycannergotlaidofforfellsick.This“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.Buttoday,adisruptiontofamilyfortunescannolongerbemadeupwithextraincomefromanotherwise-stay-at-homepartner.Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome.Steelworkers,airlineemployees,andnowthoseintheautoindustryarejoiningmillionsoffamilieswhomustworryaboutinterestrates,stockmarketfluctuation,andtheharshrealitythattheymayoutlivetheirretirementmoney.Formuchofthepastyear,PresidentBushcampaignedtomoveSocialSecuritytoasavings-accountmodel,withretireestradingmuchoralloftheirguaranteedpaymentsforpaymentsdependingoninvestmentreturns.Foryoungerfamilies,thepictureisnotanybetter.Boththeabsolutecostofhealthcareandtheshareofitbornebyfamilieshaverisen—andnewlyfashionablehealth-savingsplansarespreadingfromlegislativehallstoWal-Martworkers,withmuchhigherdeductiblesandalargenewdoseofinvestmentriskforfamilies’futurehealthcare.Evendemographicsareworkingagainstthemiddleclassfamily,astheoddsofhavingaweakelderlyparent—andalltheattendantneedforphysicalandfinancialassistance–havejumpedeightfoldinjustonegeneration.Fromthemiddle-classfamilyperspective,muchofthis,understandably,looksfarlesslikeanopportunitytoexercisemorefinancialresponsibility,andagooddealmorelikeafrighteningaccelerationofthewholesaleshiftoffinancialriskontotheiralreadyoverburdenedshoulders.Thefinancialfallouthasbegun,andthepoliticalfalloutmaynotbefarbehind.31.Today’sdouble-incomefamiliesareatgreaterfinancialriskinthat.[A]thesafetynettheyusedtoenjoyhasdisappeared[B]theirchancesofbeinglaidoffhavegreatlyincreased[C]theyaremorevulnerabletochangesinfamilyeconomics[D]theyaredeprivedofunemploymentordisabilityinsurance32.AsaresultofPresidentBush’sreform,retiredpeoplemayhave.[A]ahighersenseofsecurity[B]lesssecuredpayments[C]lesschancetoinvest[D]aguaranteedfuture33.Accordingtotheauthor,health-savingsplanswill.[A]helpreducethecostofhealthcare[B]popularizeamongthemiddleclass[C]compensateforthereducedpensions[D]increasethefamilies’investmentrisk34.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.[A]financialriskstendtooutweighpoliticalrisks-366- [B]themiddleclassmayfacegreaterpoliticalchallenges[C]financialproblemsmaybringaboutpoliticalproblems[D]financialresponsibilityisanindicatorofpoliticalstatus35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthistext?[A]TheMiddleClassontheAlert.[B]TheMiddleClassontheCliff.[C]TheMiddleClassinConflict.[D]TheMiddleClassinRuins.Text4Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccountingandcompliancetroubles,andimprovedtheirfeeblecorporationgovernance,anewproblemthreatenstoearnthem–especiallyinAmerica—thesortofnastyheadlinesthatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,toodd,low-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuchasbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss’sagendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Severalmassiveleakagesofcustomerandemployeedatathisyear—fromorganizationsasdiverseasTimeWarner,theAmericandefensecontractorScienceApplicationsInternationalCorpandeventheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley—haveleftmanagershurriedlypeeringintotheirintricateITsystemsandbusinessprocessesinsearchofpotentialvulnerabilities.“Dataisbecominganassetwhichneedstobeguardedasmuchasanyotherasset,”saysHaimMendelsonofStanfordUniversity’sbusinessschool.”Theabilitytoguardcustomerdataisthekeytomarketvalue,whichtheboardisresponsibleforonbehalfofshareholders”.Indeed,justasthereistheconceptofGenerallyAcceptedAccountingPrinciples(GAAP),perhapsitistimeforGASP,GenerallyAcceptedSecurityPractices,suggestedEliNoamofNewYork’sColumbiaBusinessSchool.“Settingtheproperinvestmentlevelforsecurity,redundancy,andrecoveryisamanagementissue,notatechnicalone,”hesays.Themysteryisthatthisshouldcomeasasurprisetoanyboss.Surelyitshouldbeobvioustothedimmestexecutivethattrust,thatmostvaluableofeconomicassets,iseasilydestroyedandhugelyexpensivetorestore—andthatfewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.Thecurrentstateofaffairsmayhavebeenencouraged—thoughnotjustified—bythelackoflegalpenalty(inAmerica,butnotEurope)fordataleakage.UntilCaliforniarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhevictim,whendatawentastray.Thatmaychangefast:lotsofproposeddata-securitylegislationisnowdoingtheroundsinWashington,D.C.Meanwhile,thetheftofinformationaboutsome40millioncredit-cardaccountsinAmerica,disclosedonJune17th,overshadowedahugelyimportantdecisionadayearlierbyAmerica’sFederalTradeCommission(FTC)thatputscorporateAmericaonnoticethatregulatorswillactiffirmsfailtoprovideadequatedatasecurity.36.Thestatement:“Itneverrainsbutitpours”isusedtointroduce.[A]thefiercebusinesscompetition[B]thefeebleboss-boardrelations[C]thethreatfromnewsreports[D]theseverityofdataleakage37.AccordingtoParagraph2,someorganizationschecktheirsystemstofindout.-366- [A]whetherthereisanyweakpoint[B]whatsortofdatahasbeenstolen[C]whoisresponsiblefortheleakage[D]howthepotentialspiescanbelocated38.InbringinguptheconceptofGASPtheauthorismakingthepointthat.[A]shareholders’interestsshouldbeproperlyattendedto[B]informationprotectionshouldbegivendueattention[C]businessesshouldenhancetheirlevelofaccountingsecurity[D]themarketvalueofcustomerdatashouldbeemphasized39.AccordingtoParagraph4,whatpuzzlestheauthoristhatsomebossesfailto.[A]seethelinkbetweentrustanddataprotection[B]perceivethesensitivityofpersonaldata[C]realizethehighcostofdatarestoration[D]appreciatetheeconomicvalueoftrust40.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5that.[A]dataleakageismoresevereinEurope[B]FTC’sdecisionisessentialtodatasecurity[C]Californiatakestheleadinsecuritylegislation[D]legalpenaltyisamajorsolutiontodataleakagePartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA-Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]SetaGoodExampleforYourKids[B]BuildYourKids’WorkSkills[C]PlaceTimeLimitsonLeisureActivities[D]TalkabouttheFutureonaRegularBasis[E]HelpKidsDevelopCopingStrategies[F]HelpYourKidsFigureOutWhoTheyAre[G]BuildYourKids’SenseofResponsibilityHowCanaParentHelp?Mothersandfatherscandoalottoensureasafelandinginearlyadulthoodfortheirkid.Evenifajob’sstartingsalaryseemstoosmalltosatisfyanemergingadult’sneedforrapidcontent,thetransitionfromschooltoworkcanbelessofasetbackifthestart-upadultisreadyforthemove.Hereareafewmeasures,drawnfrommybookReadyorNot,HereLifeComes,thatparentscantaketopreventwhatIcall“work-lifeunreadiness”.41Youcanstartthisprocesswhentheyare11or12.Periodically-366- reviewtheiremergingstrengthsandweaknesseswiththemandworktogetheronanyshortcomings,likedifficultyincommunicatingwellorcollaborating.Also,identifythekindsofintereststheykeepcomingbackto,astheseoffercluestothecareersthatwillfitthembest.42Kidsneedarangeofauthenticrolemodels–asopposedtomembersoftheirclique,popstarsandvauntedathletes.Haveregulardinner-tablediscussionsaboutpeoplethefamilyknowsandhowtheygotwheretheyare.Discussthejoysanddownsidesofyourowncareerandencourageyourkidstoformsomeideasabouttheirownfuture.Whenaskedwhattheywanttodo,theyshouldbediscouragedfromsaying“Ihavenoidea.”Theycanchangetheirminds200times,buthavingonlyafoggyviewofthefutureisoflittlegood.43Teachersareresponsibleforteachingkidshowtolearn;parentsshouldberesponsibleforteachingthemhowtowork.Assignresponsibilitiesaroundthehouseandmakesurehomeworkdeadlinearemet.Encourageteenagerstotakeapart-timejob.Kidsneedplentyofpracticedelayinggratificationanddeployingeffectiveorganizationalskills,suchasmanagingtimeandsettingpriorities.44Playingvideogamesencouragesimmediatecontent.AndhoursofwatchingTVshowswithcannedlaughteronlyteacheskidstoprocessinformationinapassiveway.Atthesametime,listeningthroughearphonestothesamemonotonousbeatsforlongstretchesencourageskidstostayinsidetheirbubbleinsteadofpursuingotherendeavors.Alltheseactivitiescanpreventthegrowthofimportantcommunicationandthinkingskillsandmakeitdifficultforkidstodevelopthekindofsustainedconcentrationtheywillneedformostjobs.45Theyshouldknowhowtodealwithsetbacks,stressesandfeelingsofinadequacy.Theyshouldalsolearnhowtosolveproblemsandresolveconflicts,waystobrainstormandthinkcritically.Discussionsathomecanhelpkidspracticedoingthesethingsandhelpthemapplytheseskillstoeverydaylifesituations.Whataboutthesonordaughterwhoisgrownbutseemstobestrugglingandwanderingaimlesslythroughearlyadulthood?Parentsstillhaveamajorroletoplay,butnowitismoredelicate.Theyhavetobecarefulnottocomeacrossasdisappointedintheirchild.Theyshouldexhibitstronginterestandrespectforwhatevercurrentlyintereststheirfledgingadult(asnaiveorillconceivedasitmayseem)whilebecomingapartnerinexploringoptionsforthefuture.Mostofall,thesenewadultsmustfeelthattheyarerespectedandsupportedbyafamilythatappreciatesthem.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.However,onlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinCanadianuniversities.(46)-366- Traditionally,legallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyers,ratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.Happily,theolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw.Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducation,itsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehand,itprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjustice,democracyandfreedom.(47)Ontheother,itlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexample,notionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer.(48)Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenrestsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politiesor,morebroadly,thefunctioningofthestate,isamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworks,thebettertheirreportingwillbe.(49)Infact,itisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories.Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatly,thereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.(50)Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestories,itispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions：Writealettertoyouruniversitylibrary,makingsuggestionsforimprovingitsservice.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould.1)describethedrawingbriefly.2)Explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)Supportyourviewwithanexample/examples.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)-366- -366- 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGreoryCochramis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainedtheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1.[A]selected[B]prepared[C]obliged[D]pleased2.[A]unique[B]particular[C]special[D]rare3.[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4.[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5.[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6.[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7.[A]advises[B]suggests[C]protests[D]objects8.[A]progress[B]fact[C]need[D]question9.[A]attaining[B]scoring[C]reaching[D]calculating10.[A]normal[B]common[C]mean[D]total11.[A]unconsciously[B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably12.[A]missions[B]fortunes[C]interests[D]careers13.[A]affirm[B]witness[C]observe[D]approve14.[A]moreover[B]therefore[C]however[D]meanwhile15.[A]givenup[B]gotover[C]carriedon[D]putdown16.[A]assessing[B]supervising[C]administering[D]valuing17.[A]development[B]origin[C]consequence[D]instrument18.[A]linked[B]integrated[C]woven[D]combined-366- 19.[A]limited[B]subjected[C]converted[D]directed20.[A]paradoxical[B]incompatible[C]inevitable[D]continuousSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen.”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith.”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.21.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.22.Dr.Ychuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen___________.[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress-366- [C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress[D]areexposedtomorestress23.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe__________.[A]domesticandtemporary[B]irregularandviolent[C]durableandfrequent[D]trivialandrandom24.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat_________.[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]StrainofStress:NoWayOut?[B]ResponsetoStress:GenderDifference.[C]StressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSay?[D]GenderInequality:WomenUnderStress.Text2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthor’snamesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview,dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublishers,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet--andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit--ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness,inAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientificTechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditional-366- formofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.26.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses____________.[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.[C]Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.[D]Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.28.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat__________.[A]itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults[B]itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers[C]itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge[D]itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto____________.[A]coverthecostofitspublication[B]subscribetothejournalpublishingit[C]allowotheronlinejournalstouseitfreely[D]completethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission30.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?[A]theinternetisposingathreattopublishers.[B]anewmodetopublicationisemerging.[C]authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.[D]publicationisrenderedeasilybyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sWiltChamberlainwasoneofonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociationlistedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today'speople--especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations--apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren'tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we'veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients--notably,protein--tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDisease-366- ControlandPrevention,averageheight--5'9"formen,5'4"forwomen--hasn'treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstraininflictedbyoversizelimbs."Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,"saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon'texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,"youcouldusetoday'sdataandfeelfairlyconfident."31.WiltChamberlainiscitedasanexampleto____________.[A]illustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers[B]showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheUSA[C]comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers[D]assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers32.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?[A]Geneticmodification.[B]Naturalenvironment.[C]Livingstandards.[D]Dailyexercise.33.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.[B]Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.[C]Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.[D]Largebabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.34.Welearnformthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuture_____________.[A]thegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize[B]thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged[C]genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen[D]theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable35.Thetextintendstotellusthat__________________.[A]thechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern[B]humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable[C]Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit[D]thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasalteredText4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,GeorgeWashington,52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw--havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.That'safardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroleslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefounding-366- generation.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.WorksbyGoreVidal,HenryWiencek,andGarryWillsrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebythenation'searlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry'sinfancy.Moresignificant,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong--andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistorianssay,thefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileWashingtonandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery(Jeffersononcecalleditan"execrablecommerce"),theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Politicalcapital.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas"likehavingalargebankaccount,"saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe"peculiarinstitution,"includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen'spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings'schildren--thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthevalorofblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.36.GeorgeWashington’sdentalsurgeryismentionedto_____________.[A]showtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast[B]demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays[C]stresstheroleofslavesintheU.Shistory[D]revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife37.Wemayinferfromthesecondparagraphthat____________.[A]DNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch[B]initsearlydaystheU.Swasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations[C]historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesofJefferson’slife[D]politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.Shistory38.WhatdowelearnfromthetextaboutJefferson?[A]Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.[B]Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.[C]Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.[D]Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.39.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?[A]SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.[B]Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.[C]Slaveownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.[D]Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.-366- 40.Washington’sdecisiontofreeslavesoriginatedfromhis___________.[A]moralconsiderations[B]militaryexperience[C]financialconditions[D]politicalstandPartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutwhatparentsaresupposedtodotoguidetheirchildrenintoadulthood.ChooseaheadingfromthelistA--Gthatbestfitsthemeaningofeachnumberedpartofthetext(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Therearetwoextraheadingsthatyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41)________________.Beflexible.Youroutlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyounow,workitintothedraft.(42)________________________.Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43)________________________.Yourpageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatway,andifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingoneitherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcanmakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44)____________________________.Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftyoucandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.ThestudentwhowrotetheA&PasastatewiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45)_____________________________.Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.Youshouldgothroughthepapermanytimes–andthenagain---workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.Youmayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.Awkwardorwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintosimple.[A]Tomakerevisioneasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentencesandcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.[B]Afteryouhavealreadyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraph.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.-366- [C]It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrible,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondesksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.[D]Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.[E]Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesSammy’sdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedLengel’scrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“policy”heenforces.[F]Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettingin“A&P”thestudentbringstogetherthereasonsSammyquithisjobbyreferringtohisrefusaltoacceptLengel’sstorepolicies.[G]Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography，Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations,Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatquicknessofapprehensionorwit,suchasdistinguishedHuxley.(47)Heasserted,also,thathispowertofollowalongandpurelyabstracttrainofthoughtwasverylimited,forwhichreasonhefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.Hismemory,too,hedescribedasextensive,buthazy.Sopoorinonesensewasitthathenevercouldrememberformorethanafewdaysasingledateoralineofpoetry.(48)Ontheotherhand,hedidnotacceptaswellfoundedthechargemadebysomeofhiscriticsthat,whilehewasagoodobserver,hehadnopowerofreasoning.　　This,hethought,couldnotbetrue,becausethe"OriginofSpecies"isonelongargumentfromthebeginningtotheend,andhasconvincedmanyablemen.Noone,hesubmits,couldhavewrittenitwithoutpossessingsomepowerofreasoning.Hewaswillingtoassertthat"Ihaveafairshareofinvention,andofcommonsenseorjudgment,suchaseveryfairlysuccessfullawyerordoctormusthave,butnot,Ibelieve,inanyhigherdegree."(49)Headdshumblythatperhapshewas"superiortothecommonrunofmeninnoticingthingswhicheasilyescapeattention,andinobservingthemcarefully."Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthirtyyears.Uptotheageofthirtyorbeyonditpoetryofmanykindsgavehimgreatpleasure.Formerly,too,pictureshadgivenhimconsiderable,andmusicverygreat,delight.In1881,however,hesaid:"NowformanyyearsIcannotenduretoreadalineofpoetry;IhavetriedlatelytoreadShakspeare,andfounditsointolerablydullthatitnauseatedme.Ihavealsoalmostlostmytasteforpicturesormusic.MusicgenerallysetsmethinkingtooenergeticallyofwhatIhavebeenatworkon,insteadofgivingmepleasure.Iretainsometasteforfinescenery,butitdoesnotcausemetheexquisitedelightwhichitformerlydid."(50)Darwinwasconvincedthatthelossofthesetasteswasnotonlyalossofhappiness,butmightpossiblybeinjurioustothe-366- intellect,andmoreprobablytothemoralcharacter.SectionIIIWritingPartA51.Directions:YouhavejustcomebackfromCanadaandfoundamusicCDinyourluggagethatyouforgottoreturntoBob,yourlandlordthere.Writehimaletterto1)makeanapology,and2)suggestasolution.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)-366- 2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.D9.B10.C11.B12.D13.A14.C15.D16.D17.C18.A19.B20.ASectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.A22.D23.C24.B25.D26.D27.C28.A29.A30.B31.A32.C33.B34.D35.C36.D37.B38.C39.A40.BPartB(10points)41.D42.G43.A44.C45.EPartC(10points)46.达尔文认为，正是这种困难迫使他长时间专心思考每一个句子，这也使得他在观察和推理中发现错误。这种困难反而使他获得了别人所不具备的优势。47.达尔文同时声称，进行冗长且纯抽象的思维，自己的能力非常有限。因为这个原因，他相信自己在数学方面根本不会成功。48.另一方面，有些批评他的人认为他善于观察而缺乏推理能力，但是他并不接受这种看法，认为这毫无依据。49.达尔文很谦虚地补充道，也许自己“同常人相比，更能注意到别人容易忽略的东西，对这些东西的观察也更仔细”。50.达尔文确信，对（音乐和绘画方面）兴趣的丧失，失去的不仅仅是一种乐趣，而且可能会伤害到才智，乃至可能伤害到道德。SectionIII:Writing(30points)PartA(10points)51.参考范文-366- DearBob,IamwritingtoapologizeforbringingbackamusicCDborrowedfromyouinCanada.Whenpackingmyluggage,IdidnotnoticetheCDinsertedinabook.AsIknowyoumayneedit,Iwillsenditbacktoyourightaway.Tosolvetheproblem,IwanttoFedExorDHLittoyou,whichwilltakeabout3-5daystoarrive.Pleasegivemeyourcurrentmailaddressandcellphonenumber.ReallysorryagainfortheinconveniencecausedandIhopeyouarehappywiththesolution.Lookforwardtoreceiveyourreplyatyourearliestconvenience.Yourssincerely,LiMingPartB(20points)52.参考范文Asisillustratedinthepicture,twocrippledmenbindthemselvestogether,eachofwhohasonlyonelegleft,leavingthecrutchesbehindandsupportingeachotheronajourney.Apparently,thisthought-provokingpictureaimsatcommunicatingthismessage:facingadversity,peopleneedtobecooperativeandactasateam.Thereareseveralreasonsaccountingforthis.Tobeginwith,everyonemaymeetwithupsanddownsinhis/herlife,andmaybeconfusedaboutwhattodo.Asanindividualisalwayslimitedinhis/hercapacity,others’assistanceorcooperationwillhelphim/herout.Mostimportantly,ateamwillperformwellonlyifallthemembersdotheirutmostandcooperatewell.Agameisoftenagameforallbutnotagameforone.Eventhemostbrilliantfootballorbasketballstars,likeYaoMingandRenaldo,wouldhavetorelyontheteam,letalonepeoplewithdifficultiesorinhardships.Fromthediscussionabove,wecanidentifythevalueofteamworkandcollectivespirits.Itis,therefore,sensiblethateveryresponsiblecitizenadvocateitandapplyit.Peoplearesupposedtoenhancetheawarenessofcaringforeachotherespeciallywhentheyareintrouble.Weshouldremember,“united,wewillwin;separated,wewillfail.”Aharmoniousrelationshipbetweenpeopleandaharmonioussocietyofpeopledemandcooperationandteamwork.-366- 2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesmewonderjusthowsmarthumansare.1thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedinCarlZimmer’spieceintheScienceTimesonTuesday.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly2toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat3bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan4innotbeingtooterrificallybright.Intelligence,it5out,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow6thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—agradual7—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento8.Isthereanadaptivevalueto9intelligence?That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Ilikeit.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal11ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis12themindofeveryanimalI’veevermet.Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesmewonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould13onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner,14,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.webelievethat15animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforterrain.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis.18,theywouldhopetostudya19question:Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?20theresultsareinconclusive.1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply14.[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach-366- 17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with18.[A]Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile20.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]BetterstillSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.Soitseemsantitheticaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelsynapticpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethoserutsofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelyingrainintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof“TheOpenMind”andanexecutivechangeconsultantforProfessionalThinkingPartners.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’ ”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960coveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(orcollaboratively)andinnovatively.Atpuberty,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book“ThisYearIWill...”andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.21.TheviewofWordsworthhabitisclaimedbybeing.[A]casual[B]familiar[C]mechanical[D]changeable.22.Theresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe.[A]predicted[B]regulated[C]traced[D]guided23.”ruts”(inlineone,paragraph3)hasclosestmeaningto.[A]tracks[B]series[C]characteristics[D]connections24.Ms.Markova’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting?[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed-366- [B]nolongeremphasizescommonness[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem25.Ryanmostprobablyagreethat.[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught[C]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas[D]curiosityactivatescreativemindsText2Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal(fatherly)wisdom–oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellour$30forpaternitytestingkit(PTK)athislocaldrugstore–andanother$120togettheresults.Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincetheyfirstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFog,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsDirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.Amongthemostpopular:paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandlatestrageamanypassionategenealogists-andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbywebbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.Butsomeobserversareskeptical,“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTreyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors-numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichapasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s_________.[A]easyavailability[B]flexibilityinpricing[C]successfulpromotion[D]popularitywithhouseholds27.PTKisusedto________.[A]locateone’sbirthplace[B]promotegeneticresearch[C]identifyparent-childkinship[D]choosechildrenforadoption28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto________.-366- [A]tracedistantancestors[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines[C]fullyusegeneticinformation[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis________.[A]disorganizeddatacollection[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe________.[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNAtesting[B]DNAtestingandIt’sproblems[C]DNAtestingoutsidethelab[D]liesbehindDNAtestingText3Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalikeprogressinbothareaisundoubtedlynecessaryforthesocial,politicalandintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatisit,becauseneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicalhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.Ironically,thefirstevidenceforthisideaappearedintheUnitedStates.Notlongago,withthecountryenteringarecessingandJapanatitspre-bubblepeak,theU.S.workforcewasderidedaspoorlyeducatedandoneofprimarycauseofthepoorU.S.economicperformance.Japanwas,andremains,thegloballeaderinautomotive-assemblyproductivity.YettheresearchrevealedthattheU.S.factoriesofHonda,Nissan,andToyotaachievedabout95percentoftheproductivityoftheirJapanesecounterpartsaresultofthetrainingthatU.S.workersreceivedonthejob.Morerecently,whileexaminghousingconstruction,theresearchersdiscoveredthatilliterate,non-English-speakingMexicanworkersinHouston,Texas,consistentlymetbest-practicelaborproductivitystandardsdespitethecomplexityofthebuildingindustry’swork.Whatistherealrelationshipbetweeneducationandeconomicdevelopment?Wehavetosuspectthatcontinuingeconomicgrowthpromotesthedevelopmentofeducationevenwhengovernmentsdon’tforceit.Afterall,that’showeducationgotstarted.Whenourancestorswerehuntersandgatherers10,000yearsago,theydidn’thavetimetowondermuchaboutanythingbesidesfindingfood.Onlywhenhumanitybegantogetitsfoodinamoreproductivewaywastheretimeforotherthings.Aseducationimproved,humanity’sproductivitypotential,theycouldinturnaffordmoreeducation.Thisincreasinglyhighlevelofeducationisprobablyanecessary,butnotasufficient,conditionforthecomplexpoliticalsystemsrequiredbyadvancedeconomicperformance.Thuspoorcountriesmightnotbeabletoescapetheirpovertytrapswithoutpoliticalchangesthatmaybepossibleonlywithbroaderformaleducation.Alackofformaleducation,however,doesn’tconstraintheabilityofthedevelopingworld’sworkforcetosubstantiallyimproveproductivityfortheforestedfuture.Onthecontrary,constraintsonimprovingproductivityexplainwhyeducationisn’tdevelopingmorequicklytherethanitis.31.Theauthorholdsinparagraph1thattheimportantofeducationinpoorcountries_________.-366- [A]issubjectgroundlessdoubts[B]hasfallenvictimofbias[C]isconventionaldowngraded[D]hasbeenoverestimated32.Itisstatedinparagraph1thatconstructionofaneweducationsystem________.[A]challengeseconomistsandpoliticians[B]takeseffortsofgenerations[C]demandspriorityfromthegovernment[D]requiressufficientlaborforce33.AmajordifferencebetweentheJapaneseandU.Sworkforcesisthat________.[A]theJapaneseworkforceisbetterdisciplined[B]theJapaneseworkforceismoreproductive[C]theU.Sworkforcehasabettereducation[D]]theU.Sworkforceismoreorganize34.Theauthorquotestheexampleofourancestorstoshowthateducationemerged________.[A]whenpeoplehadenoughtime[B]priortobetterwaysoffindingfood[C]whenpeopleonlongerwenthung[D]asaresultofpressureongovernment35.Accordingtothelastparagraph,developmentofeducation________.[A]resultsdirectlyfromcompetitiveenvironments[B]doesnotdependoneconomicperformance[C]followsimprovedproductivity[D]cannotaffordpoliticalchangesText4Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas“Somuchimportantattachedtointellectualpursuits”Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland’sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericanintellectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans’theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeepingwithourexaminationofsouthernintellectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,TherewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofintellectualearnestness.Weshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenor-366- farmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftliterarycompositionstobeanalyzed,theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.sexualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:“comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople.”OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexplainingtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion.“Ourmainendwastocatchfish.”36.Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNewEngland_________.[A]Puritantraditiondominatedpoliticallife[B]intellectualinterestswereencouraged[C]Politicsbenefitedmuchfromintellectualendeavors[D]intellectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalenvironment37.Itissuggestedinparagraph2thatNewEnglanders________.[A]experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlyhistory[B]broughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldWorld[C]paidlittleattentiontosouthernintellectuallife[D]wereobsessedwithreligiousinnovations38.TheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusettsBay________.[A]werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirwritings[B]gainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousaffairs[C]abandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewWorld[D]createdanewintellectualatmosphereinNewEngland39.ThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswereoften________.[A]influencedbysuperstitions[B]troubledwithreligiousbeliefs[C]puzzledbychurchsermons[D]frustratedwithfamilyearnings40.ThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNewEngland________.[A]weremostlyengagedinpoliticalactivities[B]weremotivatedbyanillusoryprospect[C]camefromdifferentbackgrounds[D]leftfewformalrecordsforlaterreferencePartBDirections:Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions(41-45),choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritishnaturalistCharles-366- Darwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerputforwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatallworldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtowardperfection.41.____________.AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroducedanothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morgan,alongwithTylor,wasoneofthefoundersofmodernanthropology.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowallaspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.42._____________.Intheearly1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bornAmericananthropologistFranzBoasdevelopedanewtheoryofcultureknownashistoricalparticularism.Historicalparticularism,whichemphasizedtheuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.43._____________.Boasfeltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistoryandnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeofculture.44._______________.HistoricalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothestudyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmanystudentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedtheparticularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyeveryimportantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,accordingtodiffusionists,thenspreadtoothercultures.45.________________.Alsointheearly1900s,FrenchsociologistÉmileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwouldgreatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedtoreinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsocietyandculture—knownasfunctionalism—becameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.[A]Otheranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hadasingleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.[B]Inordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,Boasbecameskilledinlinguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhumanbiologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastrugglehecalledthe“survivalofthefittest,”inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventuallybereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.[D]Theyalsofocusedonimportantritualsthatappearedtopreserveapeople’ssocialstructure,suchasinitiationceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren’sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categoriesofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffoodproduction,allchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedasacollectionofintegratedpartsthatworktogethertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]Forexample,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectlysuggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,andmetallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,alloftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsoftheworld.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)-366- Thereisamarkeddifferencebetweentheeducationwhicheveryonegetsfromlivingwithothers,andthedeliberateeducatingoftheyoung.Intheformercasetheeducationisincidental;itisnaturalandimportant,butitisnottheexpressreasonoftheassociation.(46)Itmaybesaidthatthemeasureoftheworthofanysocialinstitutionisitseffectinenlargingandimprovingexperience;butthiseffectisnotapartofitsoriginalmotive.Religiousassociationsbegan,forexample,inthedesiretosecurethefavorofoverrulingpowersandtowardoffevilinfluences;familylifeinthedesiretogratifyappetitesandsecurefamilyperpetuity;systematiclabor,forthemostpart,becauseofenslavementtoothers,etc.(47)Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution.Eventoday,inourindustriallife,apartfromcertainvaluesofindustriousnessandthrift,theintellectualandemotionalreactionoftheformsofhumanassociationunderwhichtheworld'sworkiscarriedonreceiveslittleattentionascomparedwithphysicaloutput.Butindealingwiththeyoung,thefactofassociationitselfasanimmediatehumanfact,gainsinimportance.(48)Whileitiseasytoignoreinourcontactwiththemtheeffectofouractsupontheirdisposition,itisnotsoeasyasindealingwithadults.Theneedoftrainingistooevident;thepressuretoaccomplishachangeintheirattitudeandhabitsistoourgenttoleavetheseconsequenceswhollyoutofaccount.(49)Sinceourchiefbusinesswiththemistoenablethemtoshareinacommonlifewecannothelpconsideringwhetherornoweareformingthepowerswhichwillsecurethisability.Ifhumanityhasmadesomeheadwayinrealizingthattheultimatevalueofeveryinstitutionisitsdistinctivelyhumaneffectwemaywellbelievethatthislessonhasbeenlearnedlargelythroughdealingswiththeyoung.(50)Wearethusledtodistinguish,withinthebroadeducationalprocesswhichwehavebeensofarconsidering,amoreformalkindofeducation--thatofdirecttuitionorschooling.Inundevelopedsocialgroups,wefindverylittleformalteachingandtraining.Thesegroupsmainlyrelyforinstillingneededdispositionsintotheyounguponthesamesortofassociationwhichkeepstheadultsloyaltotheirgroup.SectionⅢWritingPartA51.Directions:Restrictionsontheuseofplasticbagshavenotbeensosuccessfulinsomeregions.“Whitepollution”isstillgoingon.Writealettertotheeditor(s)ofyourlocalnewspaperto1)giveyouropinionsbrieflyand2)maketwoorthreesuggestionsYoushouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.PartB52.Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)-366- 2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案SectionI:UseofEnglish(10points)1.B2.A3.D4.B5.C6.A7.D8.C9.B10.D11.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.C17.B18.A19.A20.CSectionII:ReadingComprehension(60points)PartA(40points)21.C22.D23.A24.A25.B26.A27.C28.D29.A30.B31.D32.B33.B34.A35.C36.B37.B38.D39.A40.CPartB(10points)41.C42.E43.A44.B45.GPartC46.可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的动机的一部分。47.一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。-366- 48.在和他们接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们的倾向的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。49.既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。50.因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。　　SectionⅢWriting　　PartA51.参考范文　　Deareditor，　　Iamwritingthislettertoadviseyouofthepressingsituationwearefacingnow.Asweknow,beingaccustomedtousingplasticbagsinourdailylife,someofusstilltakethe“whitepollution”forgranted.Plasticbagshavebecometheindispensiblepartofourlife,andthe“whitepollution”nowisaubiquitousphenomenon,whichgreatlyworsensourenvironment.　　Tosavethesituationfromfurtheraggravating,Iwouldliketosuggestthat:firstly,ourgovernmentshouldmakeasetoflawstopunishthegroupsandindividualswhoarestillpollutingtheenvironment;secondly,newtechnologiesshouldbeusedtoproducedegradableandrenewablematerials;thirdly,thelocalmediacanmakefulluseofitsowninfluencetointensifythepublicityinordertoenhancepeople’sawarenessofenvironmentprotection.　　Ihopethatmysuggestionsarehelpful.Thankyouforyourattention!　　Sincerelyyours，　　LiMing　　PartB　　52.参考范文　　Inthedrawing,whatfirstappearsinfrontofusisahugespiderweb,towhichinnumerablepeopleareattached,likethecatchoftheowneroftheweb.Whatismoreironicistheyareimprisonedinrespectivecabins,choosingcontactingonlineratherthancommunicatingfacetoface.　　ThereisnodoubtthattheInternetprovidesuswithconsiderableconvenience.However,itdrivestoomanyindividualstobeaddictedtothefictionalexperience,andhenceforgetthe-366- traditionalandmostefficientcommunicationmethod.Indifferencehasbecomeanotuncommonphenomenoninthemodernworld.Thefollowingreasonsmaycontributetothephenomenon.Tobeginwith,peopleinmountingnumbers,whoarevividlycallednetters,indulgeinon-lineactivities,becausescienceandtechnologydeveloptoofastforpeopletoadapttothem.TheInternet,inparticular,movingforwardatanunimaginablespeed,providespeoplewithaconvenienttoolofgettingintouchwithothers,whichlacksweighingitscorrectness.Moreover,thefiercecompetitionalsoplaysaroleofforcingpeopletofearthesituation,whichresultsinpeople’shabitofwallowingintheunrealworld.　　Hence,itishightimethatwehighlightedtheimperativeofface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeople.Thejointeffortsofthespecialists,thenettersandtheeducatorsareneededtocultivatethewholesocietywiththeessentiality.Onlyinthiswaycanweexpectahealthydevelopmentoftherelationshipamongindividuals.-366-