中考英语总复习名词.doc

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第一课时名词考点讲解和训练【考点直击】1．可数名词和不可数名词的用法；2．名词所有格的构成及用法；3．近义名词的辨析。【名师点睛】一、名词的单复数I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数：可数名词有单数和复数两种形式1、单数名词前一般加a,an或者one。a用于辅音音素开头的单词前,an用于元音音素开头的单词前2、规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs,safe-safes,cliff-cliffs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以字母-o结尾的名词一般加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos,radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos只有四个加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes7以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,3.复数词尾s（或es）的读音方法情　况读法例　词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s]cups,hats,cakes在[s][z][t][][F]等音后[iz]glasses,pages,oranges,buses,watches,faces在[b][d][][v]等浊辅音后[z]beds,dogs,cities,knives 4、不规则名词复数：规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice，tooth-teeth，child-children2单复数相同sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,species,li,yuan,jin,3只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents,chopsticks,scissors4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)7形似复数的单数名词physics,mathematics/maths,bowls,NiagaraFalls,news,falls8表示“某国人”加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Europeans单复数同形Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen9合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservantsⅢ、可数名词和不可数名词的修饰词1、可数名词可以被a,an,one,two以及howmany，many，afew，few，any，lotsof,alotof，some，several,anumberof等词修饰2、在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：1）用much,alittle,little,alotof/lotsof,some,any,agreatdealof等表示多少，例如：　　Therichmanhasalotofmoney．　　Thereissomemilkinthebottle．　　Isthereanywaterintheglass？　　Idon'tlikewinterbecausethere'stoomuchsnowandice．2）用apieceof这类定语，例如：　　apieceofpaperapieceofwoodapieceofbread　　abottleoforangeaglassofwater（milk）acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice　　如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如:twocupsoftea　　fourpiecesofpaper　　threeglassesofwater二、名词所有格 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblem,JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s2、of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook,amapofChina，theendofthisterm，thecapitalofourcountry,thecoloroftheflowers。3、双重所有格，例如：afriendofmyfather's,afriendofmine.注意：名词所有格（’s）也可以用于无生命的东西，在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's，例如：atwentyminutes'walk，tenmiles'journey，aboat'slength，twopounds'weight,tendollars'worth。此表达可以和合成形容词互换twomonths’vacation=two-monthvacation【实例解析】1.（上海徐汇区中考试题）These_________havesavedmanychildren’slives.A.womandoctorsB.womendoctorC.womendoctorsD.womandoctor答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。2.(河北省中考试题)　Thisis_________bedroom.Thetwinsisterslikeitverymuch.A.AnneandJaneB.Anne’sandJane’sC.Anne’sandJaneD.AnneandJane’s答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加’s。3.(吉林省中考试题)---Arethereany________onthefarm?---Yes,therearesome.A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。4.(佛山市中考试题)---Whatwouldyouliketodrink,________ororange? ---Orange,please.A.hamburgerB.chipC.tea答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。【历年考点归纳】名词是英语中一种重要的实词,同时也是每年中考英语试题考查的一个热点｡(备选项下面划横线的为正确答案)一､对可数名词与不可数名词的考查　　1.Howmany________arethereintheinternationalvillage?　　A.ChineseB.RussianC.American(汕头市)　　2.Therestaurantissopopularhere.Look,therearesomany________here.　　A.foodB.dishC.peopleD.waiter(徐州市)　　3.—CanIhelpyou?　　—I’dlike________formytwindaughters.　　A.twopairofshoesB.twopairsofshoe　　C.twopairofshoeD.twopairsofshoes(滨州市)　　4.MrsJennygivesus________onhowtolearnEnglishwell.　　A.someadvicesB.manyadvices　　C.someadviceD.anadvice(天津市)　　5.—Arethereany________onthefarm?　　—Yes,therearesome.　　A.horseB.duckC.chickenD.sheep(吉林省)　　[考点归纳]这类试题要求考生区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语,并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,还要熟记dear,sheep,Chinese,Japanese等单复数形式相同的名词,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式,如manmen,womanwomen,childchildren,policemanpolicemen,mousemice,footfeet,toothteeth,stomachstomachs等｡二､对名词所有格的考查　　1.Thecomputeronthedeskis________.　　A.twinsB.thetwin’s　　C.thetwinsD.thetwins’(孝感市)　　2.MrsBlackisafriendof________.　　A.Mary’smother’sB.Mary’smother　　C.mother’sofMaryD.Marymother’s(资阳市)　　3.Itisover________fromShijiazhuangtoBeijing.　　A.threehours’driveB.threehour’sdrive　　C.threehours’drivesD.threehoursdrive(河北省)　　4.TodayisSeptember10th.Itis________Day.　　A.TeachersB.Teachers’　　C.theteachers’D.Teacher’s(常德市) 　　5.—Doyouknowthewomanoverthere?　　—Yes.She’s________aunt.　　A.LilyandLucyB.Lily’sandLucy’s　　C.Lily’sandLucyD.LilyandLucy’s(济南市)　　6.Afterplayingfootballformorethanhalfanhour,thestudentstook________rest.　　A.afewminute’sB.afewminutes’　　C.alittleminute’sD.alittleminutes’(天津市)　　[考点归纳]这类试题主要考查名词所有格的构成及其用法｡名词的所有格一般在词尾加“‘s”,这种形式的所有格主要用于有生命的名词以及表示时间､距离等名词的后面｡注意:如果名词本身以表示复数意义的s结尾,构成所有格时直接在词尾加上“‘”即可｡另外,注意“A’sandB’s”型名词短语所有格表示两者分别拥有某物,而“AandB’s”型名词短语所有格表示两者共同拥有某物｡三､对名词作定语的考查　　1.Therearethree________assistantsinthat________shop.　　A.women;shoeB.woman;shoe　　C.woman;shoesD.women;shoes(孝感市)　　2.—Wherearethe________?　　—Theyareplaying________footballontheplayground.　　A.boysstudents;theB.boystudents;the　　C.boystudents;×D.boystudent;×(乌鲁木齐市)　　3.Billsaidtheywouldhave________holiday.　　A.atwo-monthB.two-months　　C.two-monthesD.two-month’s(天津市)　　[考点归纳]一般情况下,名词作定语修饰主体名词时,常用单数形式;主体名词为复数形式时,作定语用的名词一般用单数形式,如boyfriends｡但以man,woman等名词作定语修饰主体名词时,若主体名词为复数形式,man和woman也要变为复数形式,如mendoctors｡由“基数词+连词符号+名词”或“基数词+连词符号+名词+连词符号+形容词”构成的复合词作定语修饰主体名词时,复合词中的名词只能用单数形式｡四､对易混名词的考查　　1.Atthefootofthehillyoucouldhearnothingbutthe________oftherunningwater.　　A.shoutB.noiseC.voiceD.sound(天津市)　　2.Bethhasabeautiful________.Listen!Sheissingingverywell.　　A.voiceB.lookC.soundD.smell(杭州市)　3.—Whathappenedtoyouthismorning?　　—Theteacheraskedmeformy________whenIwaslateagain.　　A.meaningB.ideaC.excuseD.answer(武汉市)　　4.—Oh,thereisn’tenough________forusinthelift.　　—Nohurry.Let’swaitforthenext.　　A.floorB.groundC.roomD.place(黄冈市)　　5.TomregardsNanjingashissecond________becausehehasbeenhereforovertenyears. 　　A.familyB.roomC.houseD.home(南京市)　　6.Footballisapopular________aroundtheworld.　　A.matchB.goalC.gameD.play(安徽省)　　7.Excuseme,waiter.We’releaving.Canyoubringmethe________,please?　　A.moneyB.noteC.billD.list(杭州市)　　[考点归纳]这类试题主要考查一些语义相近而极易混淆的名词｡考生在平时要注意积累､掌握一些常见易混名词的用法区别,如:family,home,room,house;problem,question;match,game;note,bill;door,gate,entrance等｡五､对名词所表示的相关意义的考查　　1.OnceuponatimeweChinesemadethefirstkite.Peopleusedkitestosend________tootherplaces,becausetheydidn’thavetelephones,computers,orevenradios.　　A.languagesB.newspapers　　C.messagesD.magazines(临沂市)　　2.Heilongjiangisinthe________ofChina.　　A.northeastB.northeastern　　C.northwestD.northwestern(天津市)　　3.LaoSheisthe________ofTeaHouse(茶馆).　　A.doctorB.actorC.scientistD.writer(陕西省)　　4.—Iwanttogotodifferentplaces,butIdon’tknowthe________.　　—Amapishelpful,Ithink.　　A.priceB.wayC.timeD.ticket(江西省)　　5.ThomasEdisonnevergaveup.Duringhislifetime,hehad1,093________.　　A.instructionsB.competitions　　C.inventionsD.injections(盐城市)　　6.TheTV________onChannelFiveareaboutsports.　　A.experiencesB.performances　　C.programsD.problems(天津市)　　7.—Pleasegivemea________whenyougettoBeijing.　　—Allright.I’lltellyoueverythingwhenIgetthere.　　A.newspaperB.ticket　　C.presentD.ring(宁波市)　　[考点归纳]这类试题常常涉及其他学科的知识和日常生活常识,主要考查考生的综合素质｡只要考生能读懂句意,把握语境,一般不难作出正确的选择｡六､对含有名词的固定短语的考查　　1.—Sorry,Jane.Itookyourschoolbagby________.　　—Itdoesn’tmatter.　　A.handB.mistakeC.bikeD.heart(盐城市)　　2.Brianissokindthatheoftengivesmea________whenI’mintrouble.　　A.replyB.seatC.handD.reason(安徽省)　　3.Therewillbemanykindsofshoes________thisSunday.I’llgoandbuyapairformy daughter.　　A.ondutyB.onshow　　C.onbusinessD.onwatch(南宁市)　　4.Weshouldhave________inourselvesandwewillmakeitifwehaveatry.　　A.successB.confidence　　C.progressD.knowledge(大连市)　　[考点归纳]这类试题主要考查考生对一些含有名词的固定短语的构成和意义的掌握情况,这就要求考生在日常的学习中熟记一些固定短语的结构和意义,如:bymistake“错误地”;onshow“展览”;onbusiness“因公”;onduty“值班”;givesbahand“帮助某人”;haveconfidenceinoneself“相信自己”;afterawhile“过一会儿”;intheend“最后”;makeroomfor“给……腾出空间“;makefaces”做鬼脸“等｡【中考演练】一.单项填空1．---Wherehaveyoubeen,Tim?　---I’vebeento______.　A.theHenryhouse     B.theHenryfamily　C.TheHenry’shome   D.Henry’s2．InEngland,if____isinthemiddleoftheday,theeveningmealiscalledsupper.　A.food  B.lunch  C.breakfast  D.dinner3．Youlookedforittwice,butyouhaven’tfoundit.Whynottry____.　A.threetimes  B.athirdtime  C.thethirdtime  D.once4．---Theyarethirsty.Willyoupleasegivethem______?　---Certainly.　A.somebottlesofwaters  B.somebottlesofwater　C.somebottleofwater    D.somebottleofwaters5．Mikehurtoneofhis______intheaccidentyesterday.　A.tooth  B.feet  C.hand  D.ear6．Thereissome_______ontheplate.　A.cakes  B.meat  C.potato  D.pears7．InEngland,thelastnameisthe _______.　A.familyname  B.middle  C.givenname  D.fullname8．Thearegoingtofly_______toBeijing.　A.Germen  B.Germany  C.Germanys  D.Germans9．The______hastwo_______.　A.boys;watches  B.boy;watch  C.boy;watches  D.boys;watch10．Thelittlebabyhastwo_______already.　A.tooth  B.tooths  C.teeth  D.teeths11．What’syour_______forbeinglateagain?　A.idea  B.key  C.excuse  D.news12．---It’sdangeroushere.We’dbettergooutquickly.　　---ButIthinkweshouldlet_______gooutfirst.　A.womanandchildren  B.womenandchild　C.womanandchild     D.womenandchildren 13．---YoucanseeMr.Smithifthereisasign“_______”onthedoorofhisshop.　　---Thanks.　A.ENTRANCE      B.BUSINESSHOURS　C.THISSIDEUP  D.NOSMOKING14．Aretheygoingtohaveapicnicon_______?　A.Children’sDay   B.Childrens’sDay　C.ChildrensDay     D.ChildrenDay15．Wherearethestudents?Aretheyin_______?　A.theRoom406  B.Room406  C.the406Room  D.406Room二.根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。1.We’vegotalotofnew________(杂志)inourschoollibrary.2.Pleaseturntoanother_______（频道）,Idon’tlikethisshow.3.Yesterdaythe_________(航班)toLondonwasputoffbecauseofthebadweather..4.Autumnismyfavourite(季节)5.---Howmany_______(小刀)doyouhave?---Three.6.__________arewidelyusedinthemodernworld. 7.June1stis__________(儿童)Day.8.Mary,wouldyoupleasetellmeyournew________(地址)sothatIcanwritetoyou.9.---Doesthispieceof______(音乐)soundnice?---Yes.It’swonderful!10.May12thistheInternational_______(护士)Day.Let’ssay“Thanks”tothemfortheirwork.三.根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。1.“What’syourn_______?”“LiLei.”2.Howmanyd_______doesyourunclehave?3.Pleaseclosethew______.It’scoldoutside.4.IfyouwantstudyEnglishwell,youmustpayattentiontoyourp________.5.Acomputerisoneofthegreatesti_________intheworld.6.ZhangHuiisveryexcited.HewillgotoJapanwithhisp_______duringtheSpringFestival.7.Atthea______ofseven,thelonelygirlhadtoworktomakeliving.8.It’sonlyaboutanh_____flightfromQingdaotoBeijingbyair.9.Healthismoreimportanttomethanm_______.10.Becareful!It’sd__________torunacrossthestreetnow.