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1、Thestructureandfunctionof1communicationinsocietyHaroldD.Lasswell1InSchramm,W.＆Roberts,D.F.(1971).TheProcessandEffectsofMassCommunication.Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,pp.84-99.OriginalpublishedinLymanBryson(1948)(ed.)TheCommunicationofIdeas.NewYork:TheInstitute
2、forReligiousandSocialStudies.216H.D.LasswellTheactofcommunicationConvenientwaytodescribeanactofcommunicationistoanswerthefollowingquestions:WhoSaysWhatInWhichChannelToWhomWithWhatEffect?Thescientificstudyoftheprocessofcommunicationtendstoconcentrateupononeoranothe
3、rofthesequestions.Scholarswhostudythe"who,"thecommunicator,lookintothefactorsthatinitiateandguidetheactofcommunication.Wecallthissubdivisionofthefieldofresearchcontrolanalysis.Specialistswhofocusuponthe"sayswhat"engageincontentanalysis.Thosewholookprimarilyatthera
4、dio,press,film,andotherchannelsofcommunicationaredoingmediaanalysis(p.84).Whentheprincipalconcerniswiththepersonsreachedbythemedia,wespeakofaudienceanalysis.Ifthequestionistheimpactuponaudiences,theproblemiseffectanalysis.Whethersuchdistinctionsareusefuldependsent
5、irelyuponthedegreeofrefinementwhichisregardedasappropriatetoagivenscientificandmanagerialobjective.Oftenitissimplertocombineaudienceandeffectanalysis,forinstance,thantokeepthemapart.Ontheotherhand,wemaywanttoconcentrateontheanalysisofcontent,andforthispurposesubdi
6、videthefieldintothestudyofpurportandstyle,thefirstreferringtothemessage,andthesecondtothearrangementoftheelementsofwhichthemessageiscomposed.StructureandfunctionEnticingasitistoworkoutthesecategoriesinmoredetail,thepresentdiscussionhasadifferentscope.Wearelessinte
7、restedindividinguptheactofcommunicationthaninviewingtheactasawholeinrelationtotheentiresocialprocess.Anyprocesscanbeexaminedintwoframesofreference,namely,structureandfunction;andouranalysisofcommunicationwilldealwiththespecializationsthatcarryoncertainfunctions,of
8、whichthefollowingCommunicationinsociety217maybeclearlydistinguished:(i)thesurveillanceoftheenvironment;(2)thecorrelationofthepartsofsocietyinrespondingt
