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1、ALSOBYMALCOLMGLADWELLTheTippingPointTomyparents,JoyceandGrahamGladwellIntroductionTheStatueThatDidn’tLookRightInSeptemberof1983,anartdealerbythenameofGianfrancoBecchinaapproachedtheJ.PaulGettyMuseuminCalifornia.Hehadinhispossession,hesaid,amarblestatuedating
2、fromthesixthcenturyBC.Itwaswhatisknownasakouros—asculptureofanudemaleyouthstandingwithhisleftlegforwardandhisarmsathissides.Thereareonlyabouttwohundredkouroiinexistence,andmosthavebeenrecoveredbadlydamagedorinfragmentsfromgravesitesorarcheologicaldigs.Butthi
3、sonewasalmostperfectlypreserved.Itstoodclosetosevenfeettall.Ithadakindoflight-coloredglowthatsetitapartfromotherancientworks.Itwasanextraordinaryfind.Becchina’saskingpricewasjustunder$10million.TheGettymovedcautiously.Ittookthekourosonloanandbeganathoroughin
4、vestigation.Wasthestatueconsistentwithotherknownkouroi?Theanswerappearedtobeyes.ThestyleofthesculptureseemedreminiscentoftheAnavyssoskourosintheNationalArchaeologicalMuseumofAthens,meaningthatitseemedtofitwithaparticulartimeandplace.Whereandwhenhadthestatueb
5、eenfound?Nooneknewprecisely,butBecchinagavetheGetty’slegaldepartmentasheafofdocumentsrelatingtoitsmorerecenthistory.Thekouros,therecordsstated,hadbeenintheprivatecollectionofaSwissphysiciannamedLauffenbergersincethe1930s,andheinturnhadacquireditfromawell-kno
6、wnGreekartdealernamedRoussos.AgeologistfromtheUniversityofCalifornianamedStanleyMargoliscametothemuseumandspenttwodaysexaminingthesurfaceofthestatuewithahigh-resolutionstereomicroscope.Hethenremovedacoresamplemeasuringonecentimeterindiameterandtwocentimeters
7、inlengthfromjustbelowtherightkneeandanalyzeditusinganelectronmicroscope,electronmicroprobe,massspectrometry,X-raydiffraction,andX-rayfluorescence.ThestatuewasmadeofdolomitemarblefromtheancientCapeVathyquarryontheislandofThasos,Margolisconcluded,andthesurface
8、ofthestatuewascoveredinathinlayerofcalcite—whichwassignificant,MargolistoldtheGetty,becausedolomitecanturnintocalciteonlyoverthecourseofhundreds,ifnotthousands,ofyears.Inotherwords,thestatuewaso