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1、ALSOBYMALCOLMGLADWELLTheTippingPointTomyparents,JoyceandGrahamGladwellIntroductionTheStatueThatDidn’tLookRightInSeptemberof1983,anartdealerbythenameofGianfrancoBecchinaapproachedtheJ.PaulGettyMuseuminCalifornia.Hehadinhispossession,hesaid,amarblestatuedatingfromthesixthcenturyBC.I
2、twaswhatisknownasakouros—asculptureofanudemaleyouthstandingwithhisleftlegforwardandhisarmsathissides.Thereareonlyabouttwohundredkouroiinexistence,andmosthavebeenrecoveredbadlydamagedorinfragmentsfromgravesitesorarcheologicaldigs.Butthisonewasalmostperfectlypreserved.Itstoodcloseto
3、sevenfeettall.Ithadakindoflight-coloredglowthatsetitapartfromotherancientworks.Itwasanextraordinaryfind.Becchina’saskingpricewasjustunder$10million.TheGettymovedcautiously.Ittookthekourosonloanandbeganathoroughinvestigation.Wasthestatueconsistentwithotherknownkouroi?Theanswerappea
4、redtobeyes.ThestyleofthesculptureseemedreminiscentoftheAnavyssoskourosintheNationalArchaeologicalMuseumofAthens,meaningthatitseemedtofitwithaparticulartimeandplace.Whereandwhenhadthestatuebeenfound?Nooneknewprecisely,butBecchinagavetheGetty’slegaldepartmentasheafofdocumentsrelatin
5、gtoitsmorerecenthistory.Thekouros,therecordsstated,hadbeenintheprivatecollectionofaSwissphysiciannamedLauffenbergersincethe1930s,andheinturnhadacquireditfromawell-knownGreekartdealernamedRoussos.AgeologistfromtheUniversityofCalifornianamedStanleyMargoliscametothemuseumandspenttwod
6、aysexaminingthesurfaceofthestatuewithahigh-resolutionstereomicroscope.Hethenremovedacoresamplemeasuringonecentimeterindiameterandtwocentimetersinlengthfromjustbelowtherightkneeandanalyzeditusinganelectronmicroscope,electronmicroprobe,massspectrometry,X-raydiffraction,andX-rayfluor
7、escence.ThestatuewasmadeofdolomitemarblefromtheancientCapeVathyquarryontheislandofThasos,Margolisconcluded,andthesurfaceofthestatuewascoveredinathinlayerofcalcite—whichwassignificant,MargolistoldtheGetty,becausedolomitecanturnintocalciteonlyoverthecourseofhundreds,ifnotthousands,o
8、fyears.Inotherwords,thestatuewaso