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1、休克Shock病理生理学教研室刘俊昌概念(shock)休克是各种强烈致病因子作用于机体引起的急性循环衰竭,其特点是微循环障碍,重要脏器的灌流不足和细胞功能代谢障碍,由此引起的全身性危重的病理过程.分类(TypesofShock)1.按病因分类(Byetiology):失血性休克(HemorrhagicShock)烧伤性休克(BurnShock)感染性休克(InfectiousShock)过敏性休克(AnaphylacticShock)心源性休克(CardiogenicShock)神经源性休克(NeurogenicShock)ClinicalSigns
2、ofAcuteHemorrhagicShock%BloodlossClinicalSigns<15Slightlyincreasedheartrate15-30Increasedheartrate,increaseddiastolicbloodpressure,prolongedcapillaryrefill30-50Abovefindingsplus:hypotension,confusion,acidosis,decreasedurineoutput>50Refractoryhypotension,refractoryacidosis,death
3、ChangesinCOandMAPinhaemorrhageCardiogenicShockTheimpairedabilityofthehearttopumpbloodPumpfailureoftherightorleftventricleMostcommoncauseisLVMI(Anterior)Occurswhen>40%ofventricularmassdamageMortalityrateof80%or>NeurogenicShockCausedby:SpinalcordinjuryCertaindrugsBrainstem,spinal
4、ortorsotraumaVenouspoolingandarteriolardilatationSignsandSymptoms:HypotensionwithouttachycardiaWarmpinkskinLowbloodpressure&minimalresponsetofluids2.按休克发生的始动环节ClassifiedbyInitialChanges低血容量休克(HypovolemicShock)hemorrhage,burns,fluidloss心源性休克(CardiogenicShock)acutemyocardialinfar
5、ction,congestiveheartfailure,arrhythmias血管源性休克(VasogenicShock)Sepsis,anaphylaxis,CNSdamagetovasomotorcenter3.按血液动力学特点分类(ClassificationAccordingtoHemodynamicCharacteristics)低动力型休克(HypodynamicShock)临床上大部分休克为此型,亦称为低排高阻型休克。特点:外周阻力增高,心输出量降低,动脉血压降低较明显,病情较为严重。高动力型休克(HyperdynamicShock)
6、感染性休克中有少部分在早期表现为为此型,亦称为高排低阻型休克。特点是早期微动脉扩张、动静脉吻合枝开放,使外周阻力降低,而心输出量增高,临床表现为皮肤温暖、红润,较干燥,少尿,血压降低较轻,乳酸性酸中毒等正常微循环的结构和特点Microcirculation:StructureandCharacteristics毛细血管灌流的局部反馈调节平滑肌对缩血管物质反应性降低局部代谢产物聚积毛细血管前括约肌与后微动脉舒张真毛细血管网血流增加毛细血管前括约肌与后微动脉收缩平滑肌对缩血管物质反应性增高局部代谢产物被清除真毛细血管网血流减少充足的血容量(adequat
7、eeffectivecirculationvolume)正常心泵功能(adequateheartfunction)适当的外周血管阻力(adequateperipheralvascularresistance)维持正常微循环的条件ConditionsforaNormalMicrocirculation休克的分期Stagesofshock休克早期(代偿期,缺血性缺氧期)(Compensatedshock,ischemichypoxicphase)休克期(可逆性失代偿期,淤血性缺氧期)(Decompensatedshock,stagnanthypoxicp
8、hase)休克晚期(休克难治期、微循环衰竭)(Irreversibleshock,refractorysho