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ID:47977302
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时间:2020-01-18
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1、Knowledgeandprogress知识和进步Whydoestheideaofprogressloomsolargeinthemodernworld?Surelybecauseprogressofaparticularkindisactuallytakingplacearoundusandisbecomingmoreandmoremanifest.Althoughmankindhasundergonenogeneralimprovementinintelligenceormorality,ithasmadeextraordinaryprogressintheaccumu
2、lationofknowledge.Knowledgebegantoincreaseassoonasthethoughtsofoneindividualcouldbecommunicatedtoanotherbymeansofspeech.Withtheinventionofwriting,agreatadvancewasmade,forknowledgecouldthenbenotonlycommunicatedbutalsostored.Librariesmadeeducationpossible,andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibrarie
3、s:thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw,whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting.Allthiswascomparativelyslowuntil,withthecomingofscience,thetempowassuddenlyraised.Thenknowledgebegantobeaccumulatedaccordingtoasystematicplan.Thetricklebecameastream;thestreamhasnowbec
4、omeatorrent.Moreover,assoonasnewknowledgeisacquired,itisnowturnedtopracticalaccount.Whatiscalled‘moderncivilization’isnottheresultofabalanceddevelopmentofallman'snature,butofaccumulatedknowledgeappliedtopracticallife.Theproblemnowfacinghumanityis:Whatisgoingtobedonewithallthisknowledge?Asi
5、ssooftenpointedout,knowledgeisatwo-edgedweaponwhichcanbeusedequallyforgoodorevil.Itisnowbeingusedindifferentlyforboth.Couldanyspectacle,forinstance,bemoregrimlywhimsicalthanthatofgunnersusingsciencetoshattermen'sbodieswhile,closeathand,surgeonsuseittorestorethem?Wehavetoaskourselvesveryser
6、iouslywhatwillhappenifthistwofolduseofknowledge,withitsever-increasingpower,continues.恨别杜甫洛城一别四千里,胡骑长驱五六年。草木变衰行剑外,兵戈阻绝老江边。思家步月清宵立,忆弟看云白日眠。闻道河阳近乘胜,司徒急为破幽燕。《恨别》是唐代诗人杜甫上元元年(760)在成都写的一首七言律诗,抒发了杜甫流落他乡的感慨和对故园、骨肉的怀念,表达了杜甫希望早日平定叛乱的爱国思想。全诗情真语挚,沉郁顿挫,扣人心弦。首联领起“恨别”,点明思家、忧国的题旨。“四千里”,恨离家之远;“五六年”,伤战乱之久。个
7、人的困苦经历,国家的艰难遭遇,都在这些数量词中体现出来。诗人于759年(乾元二年)春告别了故乡洛阳,返回华州司功参军任所,不久弃官客居秦州、同谷,后来到了成都,辗转四千里。诗人写此诗时,距700年(天宝十四年)十一月安史之乱爆发已五六个年头。在这几年中,叛军铁蹄蹂躏中原各地,生灵涂炭,血流成河,这是诗人深为忧虑的事。 颔联两句描述诗人流落蜀中的情况。“草木变衰”,语出宋玉《九辩》中的“萧瑟兮草木摇落而变衰”。这里是指草木的盛衰变易,承上句的“五六年”,暗示入蜀已有多年,同时也与下一句的“老”相呼应,暗比诗人自己的
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