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1、--外文翻译原文DistributionandTransportPlanningMaterialSource:BernhardFleischmannUniversityofAugsburg,DepartmentofProductionandLogistics,Universitatsstrabe16,86135Augsburg,GermanyPlanningSituationsTransportSystemsTransportprocessesareessentialpartsofthesupplychain.Theyperformtheflowofmaterialsthatconnect
2、sanenterprisewithitssuppliersandwithitscustomers.Theintegratedviewoftransport,productionandinventoryholdingprocessesischaracteristicofthemodernSCMconcept.Theappropriatestructureofatransportsystemmainlydependsonthesizeofthesingleshipments:Largeshipmentscangodirectlyfromthesourcetothedestinationinfu
3、lltransportunits,e.g.trucksorcontainers.Smallshipmentshavetobeconsolidatedinatransportnetwork,whereasingleshipmentistransshippedonceorseveraltimesandthetransportisbrokenattransshipmentpoints(TPs).Aparticularlyeffectiveconsolidationofsmallshipmentsisachievedbyalogisticsserviceprovider(LSP),whocanco
4、mbinethetransportsfrommanysenders.Theconsolidationoftransportflowsdecreasesthetransportcost.Asthecostofasingletripofacertainvehicleonacertainrouteisnearlyindependentoftheload,ahighutilizationoftheloadingcapacityisadvantageous.Moreover,therelativecostperloadingcapacitydecreaseswithincreasingsizeoft
5、hevehicles.Butevenwithastrongconsolidationofshipmentstofullloads,e.g.byanLSP,thesmallershipmentscauserelativelyhighercost,becausetheconsolidationrequiresdetourstodifferentloadingplaces,additionalstopsandtransshipment(seeFleischmann(1998,pp.65)).Thefollowingtransportprocessesoccurinasupplychain:•Th
6、esupplyofmaterialsfromexternalsuppliersorfromanownremotefactorytoaproductionsite.Bothcasesareidenticalfromtheviewpointoflogistics.•Thedistributionofproductsfromafactorytothecustomers.Thedistribution--systemdependsonthetypeofproducts:–Investmentgoods,e.g.machinesorequipmentforindustrialcustomers,ar
7、eshippedonlyonceorseldomonacertaintransportlink.–Materialsforproductionarealsoshippedtoindustrialcustomers,butregularlyandfrequentlyonthesamepath.–Consumergoodsareshippedtowholesalersorretailers,ofteninverysmallo