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1、1.StructureandBondingBasedonMcMurry’sOrganicChemistry,6thedition,Chapter1OrganicChemistry“Organic”–untilmid1800’sreferredtocompoundsfromlivingsources(mineralsourceswere“inorganic”)Wöhlerin1828showedthaturea,anorganiccompound,couldbemadefromamineralsToday,organiccompoundsaretho
2、sebasedoncarbonstructuresandorganicchemistrystudiestheirstructuresandreactions?Includesbiologicalmolecules,drugs,solvents,dyes?Doesnotincludemetalsaltsandmaterials(inorganic)?Doesnotincludematerialsoflargerepeatingmoleculeswithoutsequences(polymers1.1AtomicStructureStructureof
3、anatomPositivelychargednucleus(verydense,protonsandneutrons)andsmal(10-15m)?Negativelychargedelectronsareinacloud(10-10m)aroundnucleusDiameterisabout2×10-10m(200picometers(pm))[theunitangstrom(Å)is10-10m=100pm]AtomicNumberandAtomicMassTheatomicnumber(Z)isthenumberofprotonsinth
4、eatom'snucleusThemassnumber(A)isthenumberofprotonsplusneutronsAlltheatomsofagivenelementhavethesameatomicnumberIsotopesareatomsofthesameelementthathavedifferentnumbersofneutronsandthereforedifferentmassnumbersTheatomicmass(atomicweight)ofanelementistheweightedaveragemassinatom
5、icmassunits(amu)ofanelement抯naturallyoccurringisotopes1.2AtomicStructure:OrbitalsQuantummechanics:describeselectronenergiesandlocationsbyawaveequationWavefunctionsolutionofwaveequationEachWavefunctionisanorbital,ψAplotofψ2describeswhereelectronmostlikelytobeElectroncloudhasnos
6、pecificboundarysoweshowmostprobableareaShapesofAtomicOrbitalsforElectronsFourdifferentkindsoforbitalsforelectronsbasedonthosederivedforahydrogenatomDenoteds,p,d,andf?sandporbitalsmostimportantinorganicchemistrysorbitals:spherical,nucleusatcenterporbitals:dumbbell-shaped,nucleu
7、satmiddleOrbitalsandShellsOrbitalsaregroupedinshellsofincreasingsizeandenergyDifferentshellscontaindifferentnumbersandkindsoforbitalsEachorbitalcanbeoccupiedbytwoelectronsFirstshellcontainsonesorbital,denoted1s,holdsonlytwoelectronsSecondshellcontainsonesorbital(2s)andthreepor
8、bitals(2p),eightelectronsThirdshellcontainsansorbitalp-Orbita
