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1、《语言学概论》Review毛艳文2009.51FinalExam:1.TorF.2.Fillintheblanks.3.Multiplechoice.4.Definition(①Linguistics②language③Morphology④Semantics⑤Pragmatics⑥Syntax…)5.Answerthequestions.2Chapter11.Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Languageisasys
2、temofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.3.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness,②Duality③Productivity(creativity)④Culturaltransmission4.AccordingtoHalliday,whatarethefunctionsofLanguage?IdeationalfunctionInterpersonalfunctionTextualfunctio
3、n35.GeneralLinguistics(intheory):Phonetics(音位学)Phonology(音系学)Morphology(形态学/词形学)Syntax(句法学)Semantics(语义学)Pragmatics(语用学)Theaboveaspectsoflanguageformsthecoreoflinguistics.46.Structurestudyoflanguage(in1916)DeSaussure,theforefatherofmodernlinguisticsStr
4、ucturalism(30yearslater)AmericanlinguistBloomfield,theextremeofDeSaussureFunctionallinguisticsT-GGrammarEngland,HallidayAmerican,Chomsky51.6SomeDistinctionsinLinguistics(FAQ)(1)Descriptionvs.Prescription(2)Synchronicvs.Diachronic(3)Speechvs.Writing(4)L
5、anguevs.Parole(bySaussure)(5)Competencevs.Performance(byChomsky)(6)Modernlinguisticsvs.Traditionalgrammar6Chapter21.threeresonatingcavities：OralcavityNasalcavityPharyngealcavity(Pharynx)2.ClassificationofvowelsMonophthongs/pure/singlevowelsDiphthongsor
6、glidingvowels7３． TheDescriptionofEnglishconsonantsPlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelarGlottalStopsorplosivesVL[p][t][k]VD[b][d][g]FricativesVL[f][W][s][F]VD[v][T][z][V]AffricatesVL[tF]VD[dV]NasalsVD[m][n][N]LiquidsVD[l],[
7、r][h]GlidesVD[j][w]8Chapter31.Phoneme(音素)isthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowordsinmeaning.2.Minimalpair(最小对立体)whentwodifferentformsareidentical(thesame)ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetw
8、osoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boatHowaboutbeatandpit?93.Contrastivedistribution对立分布differentordistinctivephonemesarein(Contrastivedistribution)phonemiccontrast,e.g./b/and/p/in[bIt]an
