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1、膀胱癌的规范诊治与预防黄石市爱康医院湖北黄石435000【摘要】膀胱癌是指发牛在膀胱黏膜上的恶性肿瘤。是泌尿系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是全身十大常见肿瘤之一。占我国泌尿生殖系肿瘤发病率的第一位,而在西方其发病率仅次于前列腺癌,居第2位。2012年全国肿瘤登记地区膀胱癌的发病率为6.61/10万,列恶性肿瘤发病率的第9位。膀胱癌可发牛于任何年龄,甚至于儿童。其发病率随年龄增长而增加,高发年龄50〜70岁。男性膀胱癌发病率为女性的3〜4倍。既往将膀胱黏膜上皮称为移行细胞,1998年WHO与国际泌尿病理学会联合建议用尿路上皮一词代替移行细胞一词,以区别于在鼻腔以及卵巢内的
2、移行上皮,使尿路上皮成为尿路系统的专有名词。2004年WHO《泌尿系统及男性牛殖器官肿瘤病理学和遗传学》中尿路系统肿瘤组织学分类中膀胱癌的病理类型包括膀胱尿路上皮癌、膀胱鳞状细胞癌、膀胱腺癌,其他罕见的还有膀胱透明细胞癌、膀胱小细胞癌、膀胱类癌。其中最常见的是膀胱尿路上皮癌,约占膀胱癌患者总数的90%以上,通常所说的膀胱癌就是指膀胱尿路上皮癌,既往被称为膀胱移行细胞癌【关键词】膀胱癌;恶性肿瘤【中图分类号】R699.5【文献标识码】B【文章编号】1764-8999(2015)7-0728-02[Abstract]Bladdercancerisoccurredint
3、hebladdermucosamalignanttumor.Isthemostcommonmalignanttumorofurinarysystem,isalsooneofthetoptencommontumorinthebody.OfurinaryreproductivesystemtumorincideneeinChinafirst,anditsincideneeafterprostatecancerinthewest,inthesecondplace.In2012thenationalcancerincideneeofbladdercancerregistr
4、ationareais6.61/10,ninthcolumnofincideneeofmalignanttumors.Bladdercancercanhappenatanyage,evenchildren.Itsincidenceincreaseswithage,high-riskaged50~70.Male3~4timesofbladdercancerincideneeofadiseaseforwomen.Alwayswillbereferredtoastransitionalcellbladdermucosaepithelium,in1998theWHOand
5、theinternationalsocietyofurologypathologicaladvicesubstitutethetermurothelialtransitionalcell,todistinguishitfromwithinthenasalcavityandovariantransitionalepithelium,makeurothelialtractsystemofpropernouns.TheWHOin2004tumoroftheurinarysystemandmalereproductiveorganspathologyandgenetics
6、ofurinarysystemtumorhistologicalclassificationofpathologicaltypesincludingbladderurothelialcarcinomaofbladdercancer,squamouscellcarcinomaofthebladder,bladderadenocarcinoma,otherrareandclearcellcarcinomaofbladder,bladdersmallcellcarcinoma,bladdercarcinoma.Oneofthemostcommonisthebladder
7、carcinomaoftheurinarytract,accountedformorethan90%ofthetotalnumberofpatientswithbladdercancer,bladdercancerisusuallyreferstothebladderurothelialcarcinoma,alwayscalledbladdertransitionalcellcarcinoma【Keywords]bladdercancer,malignanttumor1病因膀胱癌的病因复杂,既有内在的遗传因素,又有外在的环境因素。较为明确的两大致病危险因素是吸烟和
8、职业接触芳