资源描述:
《学校教育素材》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、Inotherwords,governmentssupporteducationbecauseitultimatelystrengthenstheircountries.Globalenrollmenttrendssincethemid-20thcenturyEachofthesetheoriespartiallyexplainsthewidespreadincreaseinenrollments,asreportedbyUNESCO(theUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization),inall
2、levelsofeducationduringthelasthalfofthe20thcentury.Broadlyspeaking,enrollmentsincreasedsubstantiallyforschool-agechildrenandyouths,whileadultilliteracyratesdecreasedsignificantly.Inthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theproportionofchildrenworldwideenrolledatalllevels(fromprimarythroughtertiar
3、y)increasedfromlessthanhalftoapproximatelytwo-thirdsoftherelevantage-groups.Muchofthisenrollmentgrowthwasaproductofpoliticalchange.Mostcountriesinapostcolonialphaseexpandtheireducationsystems,largelybecauseitissomethinggovernmentscandoatareasonablecostwithsignificanteffect.Withtheopening
4、ofschoolstomanywhowereoncedeniededucationundersemifeudal,colonial,ortotalitariansystems,ithasnotbeenuncommontofindlargenumbersofoveragestudentsenrolled.First-gradeclassesmighthaveanagerangefrom6to11.Overall,primary-schoolenrollmentsmorethantripledinthelasthalfofthe20thcentury,fromslightl
5、ymorethan200milliontosome670million;secondaryeducationincreasedmorethanninefold,frommorethan40milliontonearly400million;andtertiaryeducationincreasedmorethan12-fold,fromabout7milliontonearly90million.Higherlevelsofenrollmentareusuallysustained,inpart,because“credentialing”—theattainmento
6、fdegreesorcertificatesofachievement—hasbecomeasocialnecessity.Employerstendtoseekhighlyschooledindividualswhiledependingontheeducationsystemtoprepareanddistinguishjobcandidates.Inaddition,enrollmentshavebeenknowntogainmomentumthroughthe“queuing”effect;thatis,whenpeoplelineuptoparticipate
7、insomething,otherssoonjointhecrowdinthebeliefthatsomethingofvaluewillbeobtained.PRIMARY-LEVELSCHOOLENROLLMENTSInnotonlytheindustriallydevelopedworldbutalsoinotherregions(e.g.,LatinAmericaandEastandSouthAsia),grossprimary-schoolenrollmentrateshadreached95to100percentbytheb