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1、TheNobelPrize1HistoryAlfredNobelwasbornon21October1833inStockholm,Sweden,intoafamilyofengineers.Hewasachemist,engineer,andinventor.In1894,NobelpurchasedtheBoforsironandsteelmill,whichhemadeintoamajorarmamentsmanufacturer.Nobelalsoinventedballistite,aprecursortomanysmokelessmilitaryexplos
2、ives,especiallytheBritishsmokelesspowdercordite.Nobelwaseveninvolvedinapatentinfringementlawsuitovercordite.Nobelamassedafortuneduringhislifetime,withmostofhiswealthfromhis355inventions,ofwhichdynamiteisthemostfamous.In1888,Nobelwasastonishedtoreadhisownobituary,titledThemerchantofdeathi
3、sdead,inaFrenchnewspaper.AsitwasAlfred'sbrotherLudvigwhohaddied,theobituarywaseightyearspremature.ThearticledisconcertedNobelandmadehimapprehensiveabouthowhewouldberemembered.Thisinspiredhimtochangehiswill.On10December1896,AlfredNobeldiedinhisvillainSanRemo,Italy,fromacerebralhaemorrhage
4、.Hewas63yearsold.Nobelwroteseveralwillsduringhislifetime.Thelastwaswrittenoverayearbeforehedied,signedattheSwedish–NorwegianClubinParison27November1895.Towidespreadastonishment,Nobel'slastwillspecifiedthathisfortunebeusedtocreateaseriesofprizesforthosewhoconferthe"greatestbenefitonmankin
5、d"inphysics,chemistry,peace,physiologyormedicine,andliterature.Nobelbequeathed94%ofhistotalassets,31millionSEK(c.US$186million,€150millionin2008),toestablishthefiveNobelPrizes.Becauseofscepticismsurroundingthewill,itwasnotuntil26April1897thatitwasapprovedbytheStortinginNorway.Theexecutor
6、sofNobel'swill,RagnarSohlmanandRudolfLilljequist,formedtheNobelFoundationtotakecareofNobel'sfortuneandorganisetheawardofprizes.Nobel'sinstructionsnamedaNorwegianNobelCommitteetoawardthePeacePrize,themembersofwhomwereappointedshortlyafterthewillwasapprovedinApril1897.Soonthereafter,theoth
7、erprize-awardingorganisationsweredesignatedorestablished.TheseweretheKarolinskaInstituteton7June,theSwedishAcademyon9June,andtheRoyalSwedishAcademyofScienceson11June.TheNobelFoundationreachedanagreementonguidelinesforhowtheprizesshouldbeawarded;and,in1900,theNobelFoundati
