The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .pdf

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1、TheNobelAssemblyatKarolinskaInstitutethastodaydecidedtoawardthe2015NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicinewithonehalfjointlytoWilliamC.CampbellandSatoshiŌmurafortheirdiscoveriesconcerninganoveltherapyagainstinfectionscausedbyroundwormparasitesandtheotherhalftoYouyouTuforherdiscoveriesconcerninga

2、noveltherapyagainstMalariaDiseasescausedbyparasiteshaveplaguedhumankindformillenniaandconstituteamajorglobalhealthproblem.Inparticular,parasiticdiseasesaffecttheworld’spoorestpopulationsandrepresentahugebarriertoimprovinghumanhealthandwellbeing.Thisyear’sNobelLaureateshavedevelopedtherapi

3、esthathaverevolutionizedthetreatmentofsomeofthemostdevastatingparasiticdiseases.WilliamC.CampbellandSatoshiŌmuradiscoveredanewdrug,Avermectin,thederivativesofwhichhaveradicallyloweredtheincidenceofRiverBlindnessandLymphaticFilariasis,aswellasshowingefficacyagainstanexpandingnumberofotherp

4、arasiticdiseases.YouyouTudiscoveredArtemisinin,adrugthathassignificantlyreducedthemortalityratesforpatientssufferingfromMalaria.Thesetwodiscoverieshaveprovidedhumankindwithpowerfulnewmeanstocombatthesedebilitatingdiseasesthataffecthundredsofmillionsofpeopleannually.Theconsequencesintermso

5、fimprovedhumanhealthandreducedsufferingareimmeasurable.Figure1:The2015NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicineawardsdiscoveriesregardingnoveltherapiesforsomeofthemostdevastatingparasiticdiseases:RiverBlindness,LymphaticFilariasis(Elephantiasis)andMalaria.Thedistributionofthesediseasesisquitesimil

6、arandiscollectivelyshowninblueontheworldmap.ParasitescausedevastatingdiseasesWeliveinabiologicallycomplexworld,whichispopulatednotonlybyhumansandotherlargeanimals,butalsobyaplethoraofotherorganisms,someofwhichareharmfulordeadlytous.Avarietyofparasitescausedisease.Amedicallyimportantgroupa

7、retheparasiticworms(helminths),whichareestimatedtoafflictonethirdoftheworld’spopulationandareparticularlyprevalentinsub-SaharanAfrica,SouthAsiaandCentralandSouthAmerica.RiverBlindnessandLymphaticFilariasisaretwodiseasescausedbyparasiticworms.Asthenameimplies,RiverBl