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1、第八章记忆近100多年来，记忆研究一直是心理学中最活跃的领域之一。当代著名的记忆心理学家E.Tulving（1995）把科学的记忆研究划分为3个阶段：1885——1960：开始于艾宾浩斯（H.Ebbinghaus）的研究；词语学习（verballearning）的漫长时期；1960——1980：认知心理学兴起；记忆的计算机模拟十分流行；1980——至今：记忆研究的认知神经科学阶段；1一、记忆研究中的各种变量（1）DependentVariables：Rememberingmaybemeasuredinnumerousways;theseofteninvolvere
2、callorrecognition.Inrecalltests,reproductionofmaterialisrequired.Whereasinrecognitiontests,materialispresentedtopeopleandtheyarerequiredtojudgewhetherornottheyhaveseenitpreviously.2一、记忆研究中的各种变量（2）Threepopularrecalltestsareserialrecall,freerecall,andpaired-associaterecall.Recognitionte
3、stsaregenerallyoftwotypes.Yes/Norecognitiontests;Forced-choicerecognitiontestsForced-choicetestsarepreferredtoyes/notestsbecausecorrectingforguessingislessofaproblem.3一、记忆研究中的各种变量（3）Ineachcase,thedependentmeasureintestsofrecallandrecognitionisthenumberorproportionofitemscorrectlyrecal
4、ledorrecognizedindifferentconditionsorthenumberoferrors,whichamountstothesamething.Sometimesaderivativemeasureisused,suchasd'fromthetheoryofsignaldetection.Recently,investigatorsconcernedwithrecognitionhaveusedreactiontimeasadependentmeasure.4一、记忆研究中的各种变量（4）Recently,thestudyofimplicit
5、memorytestshasintriguedcognitivepsychologists.Althoughthesetestsdonotrequirepeopletoconsciouslyrememberthematerialtheyhavestudied,performanceonthesetasksisinfluencedor“primed”bypreviousexposuretothematerial.Thatis,implicitmemorytestsaretasksthatcanbeperformedwithoutspecificreferenceto
6、thepreviousexperiencesinthelaboratory.5一、记忆研究中的各种变量（5）IndependentVariables:Manytypesofvariablesaremanipulatedinexperimentsonhumanmemory.Oneofthemostpopularvariableshistoricallyhasbeenthenatureofthematerialpresentedformemory.Itcanbeletters,digits,nonsensesyllables,words,phrases,sentenc
7、es,paragraphs,orlongpassagesofprose;thecharacteristicsofeachofthesetypesofmaterialcanalsobevaried;Theretentionintervalbetweenpresentationofmaterialandtest;Modalityofpresentation;Studystrategy;Thenatureofthememorytestgiventopeople.6一、记忆研究中的各种变量（6）ControlVariables:Memoryexperimentsarety
8、pical
