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1、Chapter7SenseRelationsBetweenWordsn7.1Synonymy同义关系n7.2Antonymy反义关系n7.3Hyponymy上下义关系n7.4SemanticField语义场7.1SynonymySynonyms:wordsdifferinginsoundformbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning.*Synonymy:arelationshipof‘samenessofmeaning’thatmayholdbetweentwowords.Synonym:awordthatmeansthes
2、ameasanother.*Orexactlyoneoftwoormorewordswhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.lKindsofsynonymsTherearetwokindsofsynonyms1)Completesynonyms:arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.*They’rerare.Twowordsaretotallysynonymsonlyiftheyarefullyidenticalinmea
3、ningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightestalterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.Eg.spirants–fricative(phonetics)caecitis–typhlitis(medicine)word-formation–word-building(lexicology)2)Relativesynonyms:alsocalledquasi-synonyms.Differfromcompletesynonym
4、sinthefollowingrespects:a)Indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning;Eg.small,tiny,diminutive,minute,microscopic,infinitesimal---theydenotedifferentdegreesofsmallnessanger,rage,fury,indignation,wrath–theydenotetheemotionalexcitementinducedbyintensedispleasure.b)Inaffectivemean
5、ing,andstylisticmeaning;i.affectivemeaning(emotivemeaning)Eg.little–smalllittle–emotionisassociatewiththedesignationsmall–hasnoaffectivemeaningthrifty/frugal–niggardly/miserlyblack–niggerii.stylisticmeaning:wordswhichreferstothesamethingbutbelongtodifferentstylisticlayers:neu
6、tral(common),colloquial,literary,slang,vulgar,scientificandtechnical,ect.Eg.chide(literary)berate(neutral)scold(neutral)blame(neutral)carpet(colloquial,esp.BrE)telloff(colloquial)bawlout(AmE.,slang)c)Incollocationanddistribution:Eg.pretty–girl/child/flower/garden/colour/villa
7、ge/cottagehandsome–boy/masterpiece/car/table/overcoat/airliner/housed)SomesetsofsynonymsbelongtodifferentdialectsofthelanguagelSynonymouspatternsa)ThedoublescalepatternEg.NativeLatinfriendshipamityhelpaidinnerconcealsameidenticalb)ThetriplescalepatternEg.NativeFrenchLatinaskq
8、uestioninterrogatefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnes
