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时间:2019-08-01
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1、humancapital:TheNewPalgraveDictionaryofEconomicsTheNewPalgraveDictionaryofEconomicsOnlinehumancapitalSherwinRosenFromTheNewPalgraveDictionaryofEconomics,SecondEdition,2008EditedbyStevenN.DurlaufandLawrenceE.BlumeArticleHumancapitalreferstotheproductivecapacitiesofhumanbeingsasincome
2、producingagentsintheeconomy.Theconceptisanancientone,buttheuseoftheterminprofessionaldiscoursehasgainedcurrencyonlyinthepasttwenty-fiveyears.Duringthatperiodmuchprogresshasbeenmadeinextendingtheprinciplesofcapitaltheorytohumanagentsofproduction.Capitalisastockwhichhasvalueasasourceo
3、fcurrentandfutureflowsofoutputandincome.Humancapitalisthestockofskillsandproductiveknowledgeembodiedinpeople.Theyieldorreturnonhumancapitalinvestmentsliesinenhancingaperson'sskillsandearningpower,andinincreasingtheefficiencyofeconomicdecision-makingbothwithinandwithoutthemarketecono
4、my.Thisaccountsketchesthemainideas,andthebibliographyisnecessarilyrestrictive.Foradditionaldetailandalternativeinterpretations,thereadershouldconsultthesurveysbyBlaug,Rosen,SahotaandWillis,whichalsopresentcompletebibliographies.Differencesinformbetweenhumanandnon-humancapitalareofle
5、ssimportforanalysisthanaredifferencesinthenatureofpropertyrightsbetweenthem.Ownershipofhumancapitalinafreesocietyisrestrictedtothepersoninwhomitisembodied.Byandlargeapersoncannot,evenvoluntarily,sellalegallybindingclaimonfutureearningpower.Forthisreasontheexchangeofhumancapitalservi
6、cesisbestanalysedasarentalmarkettransaction.Quantitativeanalysisisrestrictedtotheincomeandoutputflowsthatresultfromhumancapitalinvestments:wagepaymentsandearningsflowsareviewedastheequivalentofrentalsofhumancapitalvalue,becauseapersoncannotsellassetclaimsinhimself.Eventhelong-termco
7、mmitmentsfoundinenduringemploymentrelationshipsarebestviewedasasequenceofshort-term,renewablerentalcontracts.Bycontrast,thelegalsystemplacesmanyfewerrestrictionsonthesaleandvoluntarytransferoftitletonon-humancapital.Infact,substantialactivityonnon-humancapitalassetmarketsisahallmark
8、ofanenterprisesyste
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