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1、现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter9Chapter9ChangesinWordMeaningn9.1CausesofChangesinWordMeaningn9.2FourTendenciesinSemanticChangen9.3SemanticDevelopmentorChangeResultingfromtheFigurativeUseofWordsDefinition:Changeofmeaningreferstothealterationofthemeaningofexistingwords,aswellasthead
2、ditionofnewmeaningtoestablishedwords.9.1CausesofChangesinWordMeaningA.Historicalcause历史原因Itoftenhappensthatthoughawordretainsitsoriginalform,itsmeaninghaschangedbecausetheobjectwhichitdenoteshaschanged.*Changesofmeaningbecauseofincreasedknowledgeoftheobjectdescribedarecomm
3、oninthehistoryofscience.Eg.pencil==isfromaLatinwordmeaning“alittletail”or“afinebrush”,likeourChinese“pen”毛笔.Later,whenitwasmadeofwoodandgraphite,itwasstillcalleda“pencil”.atom==ItwasborrowedthoughLatinandFrenchfromGreekarouos,invisible.Thusatommeantoriginally“anparticletoo
4、smalltobedivided”.Thismeaningisnowout-of-date,becausescientisthavefoundoutthatatomcanbesplit.B.Socialcause社会原因Changeinwordmeaningresultingfromaconstantverbaltrafficbetweencommonwordsandvarioustechnicalwordsisreferredtoassocialcauseofsemanticchange.Sometechnicalwordshavelos
5、ttheirspecializedmeaningandhavecometobeusedinmoregeneralsenses.Eg.feedback(Electr.)=means“response”incommonuse,asin“Theteacherlikestohavefeedbackfromhisstudents”;allergic(Med.)=means“beingunusuallysensitivetotheactionofparticularfoods,pollens,insect-bites,etc.”*Aspecificen
6、vironmentmayaddafreshandhighlytechnicalsensetoawordofgeneraluse.Eg.energy=(Phys.)abilityofmatterorradiationtodoworkdecline=(Gram.)inflect,statethecase-formsofC.Foreigninfluences外来文化影响Aparticularlyimportantcause.eg.-pig,sheep,ox(cow)denotethenamesofboththeanimalsandtheirmea
7、tintheOldEnglishperiod,butsincethemeatwascalledpork,muttonandbeefrespectivelyamongtheNormanconquerors,theoriginaltermsarenowusedonlyasthenamesoftheanimals.-dreammeant“joy”inOE,itgetsitsmodernsensefromtherelatedScandinavianworddraumr.7现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter9A.Linguisticcau
8、se语言上的原因*Twotendencies:towardsellipsis省略andtowardsanalogy类推.-Ellipsisasacauseofsemanticch
