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1、国家概况1.From“aMeltingPot”to“aSaladBowl”Thoughthedaysofmassimmigrationareprobablyover,theinfluenceofthemovementwillneverbeerased.Americanshaveadoptedmanyofthecustomsandideasoftheimmigrantsastheirown;eachwaveofimmigrationleftitsimpactanddistinctivecontributiontoth
2、ebuildingofthenationandtheevolutionofAmericanlife.Whileatthesametimeeachethicgroupkeepsitsownreligiousandculturalinstitutions;teachtheirownlanguage,customsaswellandobservetheirownfestivals.Theyhaveneverbeen“melted”intherealsensebuthavekeptthefeatureof“ASaladBo
3、wl”whichmeansmanydifferentelementsarecombinedintoawhole,meanwhileeachingredientretainsitsindividualidentity.2.TheNewDealTheDefinition:Between1933and1938,innovativemeasuresweretakenintheU.S.todealwiththeGreatDepression,toprotecttheAmericancapitalsystemandtosave
4、theUSdemocracy.TheeconomicandsocialpoliciesoftheRooseveltAdministrationwerecollectivelyknownas“theNewDeal”.TheDetailedContents(Justforreference):Onepartoftheprogramwastopromoterecoveryfromthedepression.Anotherwastosupplyrelieftotheneedy.Athirdpartwastostabiliz
5、ethenationaleconomytopreventsevereeconomiccrisisinthefuture.TheSignificance:OnlyaftertheoutbreakofWorldWarIIwastheeconomiccrisistotallysolvedforthewartriggeredthehugeneedsforindustrialandagriculturalproductivity.However,theNewDealhelpedtolimittheimpactoflaterr
6、ecessionsandtheUnitedStateshasexperiencednoreturntothenationalnightmareofGreatDepressionsincetheNewDeal.3.TheWelfareStateInordertorelievepoverty,cutunemployment,andspeedeconomicrecoveryduringtheGreatDepression,Congressin1935enactedtheSocialSecurityAct,whichcon
7、tainedthreemajorprograms:aretirementfund,unemploymentinsurance,andwelfaregrantsformothers,children,elders,andthedisabled.Rooseveltdeclaredthatthedayofgreatprivatefortuneswasended.Instead,wealthmustbebetterdistributed.Everycitizenmustbeguaranteed“apropersecurit
8、y,areasonableleisure,andadecentlivingthroughoutlife.”Theseprogramsbeganwhatisnowreferredtoasawelfarestate.1.SeparationofpowersSeparationofpowersmeansconstitutionaldivisionalofpower
