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1、TheYellowEmperor'sGuru:ANarrativeAnalysisfromChuangTzu11HaroldD.RothBrownUniversityIntroductionOfallthephilosophicalandreligiousworksintheChinesetradition,perhapsnonecontainsasmanyvariedandinterestingliteraryformsastheChuangTzu.Withinitsthirty-threechapterswefindaphorisms,dialogues,
2、poetry,instructions,explanatoryandpolemicalessays,andnarrativesofvariouskinds,allfilledwithapanoplyofcharactersbothmythologicalandhistorical.Assuchitprovidesanextremelyfertilesourceforliterarycriticismandonethathasremainedvirtuallyuntapped.Literaryandhistoricalcriticismofreligiouswo
3、rkshasbeenpioneeredinthetwentiethcenturybyNewTestamentscholarsworkingontheSynopticGospels.Theirmethodscanbesummarizedundertheheadingofwhatonescholar—StephenD.Moore—callsthe"four1criticisms:"form,redaction,composition,andnarrative.Formcriticismconductsananalysisofthestandardgenresorf
4、ormsinwhichoral(orearlywritten)traditioniscastandattemptstointerpreteachintermsofthe"lifesetting"(SitzimLeben)inwhichitwas2produced.Redactioncriticismattemptstoidentifythetheologicalorideologicalviewpointsofthepeoplewhoassembledthevariousliteraryformsintothetextsaswenowhavethem3andt
5、ounderstandtheirownsocio-historicalconditions.Compositioncriticismexaminestheliterarytechniquesoftheearlyredactorsofatradition,howtheyarrangedandassembled4theirinheritedmaterialtocreateunifiedworks.Itisaholisticvariantofredactioncriticism5inwhichtheentiretextisthecontextforinterpret
6、inganypartofit.Indeed,thesethreemethodologiesarenotunknowninsinology—eveniftheyarenotexplicitlyidentifiedbytheselabels.MostrelevanthereistheresearchofKuanFeng,AngusGraham,and,morerecently,LiuXiaoganonthevariousideologicalviewpointsfoundamong6thethirty-threechaptersoftheChuangTzu.Eve
7、niftheydonotallagreeonthedetails,they1StephenD.Moore,LiteraryCriticismandtheGospels:TheTheoreticalChallenge(NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1989).Iwishtothankmycolleague,ProfessorStanleyStowers,forinitiallyrecommendingthisworktome.2Moore,180andMichaelLaFargue,TheTaooftheTaoTeChing(Alba
8、ny:StateUniversityo
