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时间:2019-07-01
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1、Unit2researchanddevelopmentResearchanddevelopment,orR&Dasitiscommonlyreferredto,isanactivitywhichiscarriedoutbyallsectorsofmanufacturingindustrybutitsextentvariesconsiderably,aswewillseeshortly.Letusfirstunderstand,oratleastgetafeelfor,whatthetermsmean.Althoughthedistinctionbetweenrese
2、archanddevelopmentisnotalwaysclear-cut,andthereisoftenconsiderableoverlap,wewillattempttoseparatethem.Insimpletermsresearchcanbethoughtofastheactivitywhichproducesnewideaandknowledgewhereasdevelopmentisputtingthoseideaintopracticeasnewprocessesandproducts.Toillustratethiswithanexample,
3、predictingthestructureofnewmoleculewhichwouldhaveaspecificbiologicalactivityandsynthesizingitcouldbeseenasresearch,whereastestingitanddevelopingittothepointwhereitcouldbemarketedasanewdrugcouldbedescribedasthedevelopmentpart.1.FundamentalResearchandAppliedResearchInindustrytheprimaryre
4、asonforcarryingoutR&Diseconomicandistostrengthenandimprovethecompany’spositionandprofitability.ThepurposeofR&Distogenerateandprovideinformationandknowledgetoreduceuncertainty,solveproblemsandprovidebetterdataonwhichmanagementcanbasedecisions.Specificprojectscoverawiderangeoftoactivitya
5、ndtimescales,fromanewmonthsto20years.WecanpickoutanumberofareasofR&Dactivityinthefollowingparagraphsbutifweweretostartwiththosewhichweretospringtothemindoftheacademic,ratherthantheindustrial,chemistthenthiswouldbebasic,fundamental(background)orexploratoryresearchandthesynthesisofnewcom
6、pounds.Thisisalsolabeled“blueskies”research.Fundamentalresearchistypicallyassociatedwithuniversityresearch.Inmaybecarriedoutforitsownintrinsicinterestanditwilladdtothetotalknowledgebasebutnoimmediateapplicationsofitinthe“realworld”willbeapparent.Notthatitwillbeprovideavaluabletrainingi
7、ndefiningandsolvingproblems,i.e.researchmethodologyfortheresearchstudentwhocarriesitout,undersupervision.however,later“spinoffs”fromsuchworkcanleadtousefulapplications.Thusphysicistsclaimthatbutforthestudentanddevelopmentofquantumtheorywemightnothavehadcomputersandnuclearpower.Howeve
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