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1、篇》。通过踏实、细致的文本分析,系统刻画柏拉图的政治法律思想,提取其思想之“德性”主题,并解析古典语境中的道德二重性。柏拉图为西方古典思想之奠基者,是对比式解读霍布斯的重要参照。因此,本文花相当之篇幅在柏拉图思想的分析上,以为后面对霍布斯的解读做下思想史铺垫。故而,这一部分是全文的基石所在。第二部分“霍布斯政治法律思想概述”,主要讨论《利维坦》中所见的霍布斯思想及其“权利”主题。由于相当部分的分析基础已在第一部分做了交代,故而此处不再重复,这在篇幅上就显得相对较为简略。但这似乎不妨碍问题的表达。第三部分“道德与法律及其关系的历史转变”,以集中
2、的方式比较柏拉图与霍布斯语境中“人”、“政治”、“道德”与“法律”的内涵及其关系的历史转变,为本文论旨之所在。第四部分“一些必要的余论”,择取霍布斯之后的奥斯丁、哈特与富勒作为进一步的思想史观察对象。这一补充式观察分析的目的,是试图通过对思想史更加纵深的分析,既进一步凸显霍布斯的思想史意义,又在法学领域刻画出“现代性”的基本意象,且可以“现代”对观“古典”,从而与柏拉图思想形成深刻的历史映照。关键词:柏拉图;霍布斯;人;政治;道德;法律AbstractTherelationshipbetween“people”and“politics”sta
3、testherelationshipbetween“morality”and”law”.Inthefieldofpoliticalphilosophy,fromthe"politics"startingstates"people"orfrom"people"startingrule"politics",whichisthecriticaldistinctionbetween“classicality"and"modernity".Platochoosethethinkingroadfromthe"political"to"people".In
4、itsview,"people"cannotbeassumedabstractedly,butmustbeplacedinthecontextof“politics”.Existenceofhumancanbedividedintoexistenceonbiologicalsenseandexistenceonspiritualsense.Asaexistenceonbiologicalsense,thebasicrequirementsofhumanisadesiretosurvive;asaexistenceonspiritualsens
5、e,thebasicrequirementsofhumanisaspiritualvalues,itsconcentratedexpressionis"virtue."Politicsinafundamentalisinvolvedinmatterofthepublic,andisaliferealityofhuman.Therefore,the"political"connotationandtemperamenthasadirectlogicalrelationshipwith"human"requirement.Fromthe"poli
6、tical"to"person"means,"person"willbeputonthe"politics"tobedefined,thatis,fromthe"overall"ruling"individual"andthustheessenceofhumannatureisdefinedasthespiritualvalues,whichisdefinedas"justice"byPlatoandtakenasaninstructionfrompublicandpersonallife.Thus,asexistenceonthebiolo
7、gicalsignificance,humandesiretosurvivesuffersthesternrepressionfromthe"virtue”.Notonlytheconstructionofpublicsocialorderdependsonthevalueorientationasaspiritualvirtue,butalsothevalueoflifedoes.Inthiscontextof"thesacred",thedesirebecomesanobjectofmoralevaluation.Platobelieve
8、dthattheultimatevalueandmeaningoflifeliesinthatrationalitytamesdesirebyjointingpas