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1、POLYBROMINATEDDIPHENYLETHERSINHUMANS–SOURCESANDEXPOSUREO.I.KALANTZI,P.A.SISKOSEnvironmentalChemistryLaboratory,DepartmentofChemistry,NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Panepistimioupoli,15771Zografos,Athens,GreeceEmail:okalantzi@chem.uoa.grEXTEN
2、DEDABSTRACTPolybrominateddiphenylethers(PBDEs)areaclassofwidelyusedflameretardantsthatareincorporatedintoawiderangeofconsumerproductssuchashouseholdappliances,plastics,textilesandcomputers,topreventfire.Theywerefirstintroducedintheenvironmentinthe1970s
3、andtheirconcentrationshavebeenincreasingeversince.Theirpersistenceintheenvironment,widespreaddistributionandbioaccumulationinhumansandwildlifehasrenderedthemchemicalsofconcern.Themainrouteofentryofthesechemicalsintothehumanbodyisviathefoodweb,butoccupa
4、tionalexposuremayalsooccurintheworkplaceduringhandling,repairanddismantlingofflameretardedgoods.InhalationofindoorairmayalsobeanotherimportantrouteofentryofPBDEsintohumans.PBDEsstructuralsimilaritiestobetterknownandstudiedchemicalslikePCBsarecausesforc
5、oncern.IndividualPBDEcongenershavebeenassociatedwithneurotoxiceffectsfollowingneonatalexposureinanimalsandeffectsonthyroidhormonefunction.PBDEshavealsobeenassociatedwithnon-Hodgkin’slymphomainhumansandavarietyofcancersinrodents.Theydonotappeartobegenot
6、oxic,however,therearestillmanytoxicitygaps,includingtheircarcinogenicpotentialandhumaneffects.ThispaperreviewsthesourcesandexposureofhumanstoPBDEs,highlightingrecentscientificdata.Keywords:polybrominateddiphenylethers,environmentallevels,humanexposures
7、ources1.INTRODUCTIONInthelastcenturyalargenumberofchemicalswereintroducedintotheenvironment.Organochlorinepesticidessuchas2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-trichroloethane(DDT),polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)andpolybrominateddiphenylethers(PBDEs)haveallbeenwi
8、delyusedatvarioustimesfromthe1920sonwards.Thesethreeclassesofcompoundsallbelongtoalargerfamilyofchemicalsknownaspersistentorganicpollutants(POPs).Theyhavelowwatersolubilities,highlipophilicityandtendtobioaccumulateinfattytissuesandpersi
