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1、PsychologicalBulletinCopyright1989bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,hw.1989,Vol.106,No.2,265-2890033-2909/89/S00.75ExposureandAffect:OverviewandMeta-AnalysisofResearch,1968-1987RobertF.BornsteinGettysburgCollegeAreviewandmeta-analysisofmethodologicalandsubjectvariablesinflue
2、ncingtheexposure-affectrelationshipwasperformedonstudiesofthemereexposureeffectpublishedinthe20yearsfollowingZajonc's(1968)-seminalmonograph.Stimulustype,stimuluscomplexity,presentationsequence,exposureduration,stimulusrecognition,ageofsubject,delaybetweenexposureandratings,andm
3、aximumnumberofstimuluspresentationsallinfluencethemagnitudeoftheexposureeffect.Implicationsofthesefindingsarediscussedinthecontextofpreviousreviewsoftheliteratureonexposureeffectsandwithrespecttoprevailingtheoreticalmodelsoftheexposure-affectrelationship.Modificationsofthe2-fact
4、ormodelofexposureeffectsthatincreasetheheuristicvalueofthemodelaredescribed.Apossibleevolutionarybasisoftheexposureeffectisdiscussed.Psychologistshavelongobservedthatrepeated,unreinforcedtoincreasedlikingforastimulus;inshort,familiarityleadstoexposureresultsinanincreaseinpositiv
5、eaffecttowardastimu-liking.lus(Fechner,1876;Maslow,1937).AnumberofearlystudiesEmpiricalandcorrelationalevidencecitedbyZajonc(1968)inthisarea(e.g.,Meyer,1903;Mpore&Gilliland,1924;Wash-insupportofthishypothesisdelineatedwhatbecametheprotoburn,Child,&Abel,1927)investigatedtheeffect
6、sofrepeatedtypicmethodologiesusedbyotherresearcherstoinvestigatetheexposuresonaffectratingsofmusic,generallyfindingmoreexposure-affectrelationship.Thebasicdesignofmostlabora-positiveratingswithincreasingfamiliarity.Manyoftheseex-torymereexposureresearchisderivedfromZajonc's(1968
7、)perimentsweremethodologicallyunsound,however(i.e.,in-Experiments1-3,andthegeneralapproachusedbylaterre-volvedimpropercontrolconditionsorgroupsornocontrolsatsearcherstoexaminetheexposure-affectrelationshipinvivoall),andconclusionsbasedontheirresultsaresomewhattenu-(i.e.,in"natur
8、alistic"studiesofexposureandaffect)isderivedous
