Module_2_The_Renaissance--Grammar_and_Usage１ - 副本

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1、Module2TheRenaissancePeriod2GrammarandUsage--Reviewofnon-finiteverbs▇Goals●Toreview~ingform,the~edformandto+infinitive;▇ProceduresStep1:Reviewtheparticiplesusedasadverbials1)Apresentparticiplephraseisusedtoreplaceasentence.A.Whentwoactionsbythesamesu

2、bjectoccursimultaneouslyitisusuallypossibletoexpressoneofthembyapresentparticiple.Theparticiplecanbebeforeorafterthefiniteverb.e.g.Herodeaway.Hewhistledashewent.=Herodeawaywhistling.B.Whenoneactionisimmediatelyfollowedbyanotherbythesamesubjectthefirs

3、tactioncanoftenbeexpressedbyapresentparticiple.Theparticiplemustbeputfirst.e.g.Heopenedthedrawerandtookoutarevolver.=Openingthedrawerandtookoutarevolver.ItwouldseemmorelogicalheretousetheperfectparticipleandsayHavingopened,butthisisnotnecessaryexcept

4、whentheuseofthepresentparticiplemightleadtoambiguity。C.Whenthesecondactionformspartofthefirst,orarearesultofit,wecanexpressthesecondactionbyapresentparticiple.e.g.Shewentout,slammingthedoor.2)Theperfectparticiple(active)---havingdoneTheperfectpartici

5、pleemphasizesthatthefirstactioniscompletebeforethesecondonestarts,butitisnotnecessaryinthecombinationsofthiskind,exceptwhentheuseofthepresentparticiplemightleadtoconfusion.Readingtheinstructions,hesnatchedupthemedicine.“might”givetheimpressionthatthe

6、twoactionsweresimultaneous.Herethereforetheperfectparticiplewouldbebetter.Havingreadtheinstructions,hesnatchedupthemedicine.3)Thepastparticiple(passive)andtheperfectparticiple(passive)A.Thepastparticiplecanreplaceasubject+passiveverbjustasthepresentp

7、articiplecanreplacesubject+activeverb:Sheenters.Sheisaccompaniedbyhermother.=Sheenters,accompaniedbyhermother.Ashewasconvincedthattheyweretryingtoprisonhim,herefusedtoeatanything.=Convincedthattheyweretryingtoprisonhim,herefusedtoeatanything.B.Theper

8、fectparticiplepassive(havingbeendone)isusedwhenitisnecessarytoemphasizethattheactionexpressedbytheparticiplehappenedbeforetheactionexpressedbythenextverb.e.g.Havingbeenbittentwice,thepostmanrefusedtodeliverourlettersunlesswechainedourdogup.一、分词的形式语态时