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1、ProsocialSpendingandHappiness:UsingMoneytoBenefitOthersPaysOff1ElizabethW.DunnUniversityofBritishColumbiaLaraB.AkninSimonFraserUniversityMichaelI.NortonHarvardBusinessSchoolAbstractWhileagreatdealofresearchhasshownthatpeoplewithmoremoneyaresomewhathappierthanpeoplewithlessmoney,our
2、researchdemonstratesthathowpeoplespendtheirmoneyalsomattersfortheirhappiness.Inparticular,bothcorrelationalandexperimentalstudiesshowthatpeoplewhospendmoneyonothersreportgreaterhappiness.Thebenefitsofsuchprosocialspendingemergeamongadultsaroundtheworld,andthewarmglowofgivingcanbede
3、tectedevenintoddlers.Thesebenefitsaremostlikelytoemergewhengivingsatisfiesoneormorecorehumanneeds(relatedness,competence,andautonomy).Therewardsofprosocialspendingareobservableinboththebrainandthebodyandcanpotentiallybeharnessedbyorganizationsandgovernments.Keywords:MONEY,PROSOCIAL
4、SPENDING,HAPPINESS,WELL-BEINGImaginediggingoutyourjacketforthefirsttimesincewinteranddiscoveringacrumpled$20billinthepocket.Howwouldyouspendthiswindfall?Wouldyoubuyyourpartnerabouquetofyellowtulips?Givethecashtothehomelessmanyoupasseverydayonyourwaytowork?Orbuyyourselfavegetablepan
5、iniforlunch?Thesequestionsreflectabroaderhumandilemma:Whatisthebestwaytouseourmoneytomaximizeourhappiness?Alargebodyofresearchexaminingtheoverallrelationshipbetweenmoneyandhappinesshasshownthatindividualswithmoremoneyarehappier(e.g.,Diener,Ng,Harter&Arora,2010;Diener,Tay&Oishi,2013
6、),althoughthisrelationshipisweakerthanmanypeopleassume(Aknin,Norton,&Dunn,2009;Kahneman,Krueger,Schkade,Schwarz,&Stone,2006;butseeCone&Gilovich,2010).But,howpeoplespendtheirmoneymaybeatleastasimportantashowmuchtheyhave(Dunn&Norton,2013).Inaninitialexperiment,weapproachedpeopleonaun
7、iversitycampusandgavethema$5or$20billtospendbytheendoftheday(Dunn,Aknin,&Norton,2008).Weinstructedhalftheparticipantstospendthemoneyonthemselves(“personalspending”),andhalftospendthemoneyonsomeoneelse(“prosocialspending”).Thatevening,peoplewhohadbeenassignedtospendthemoneyonsomeone
8、elsereportedfeelinghappier
