审计费用和审计质量【外文翻译】

审计费用和审计质量【外文翻译】

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本科毕业论文外文翻译外文文献译文审计费用和审计质量资料来源:会计评论第6/2008期作者:RaniHoitashMarkelevichA.Barragato摘要:木文旨在探讨在2000-2003年期间支付核数师及审计质量的费用之间的关系。木文构建了一个测试审计师独立性的措施。这个措施根植于受风险调整后的审计收费影响的审计师的非独立性,而不是源于从客户收取的费用水平。因为,风险是无法观察到,只能根据客户的规模,复杂性和风险估计异常收费。使用从先前的文献中得出的费用估算模型推导出异常收费。木文采用两个指标,以评估审计质量:从目前的预提费用,现金流量调整可操纵应计利润的绝对值计算有关的回归残差标准差。总费用和所有年份审计代理之间存在着显著负相关。这些结果是为假设提供了强大的佐证。结果(前和后SOX方案)是一致的,经济粘连是审计独立与否的决定因素,而非审计师的声誉。实证检验不完全排除观测到的风险影响的可能性,但木文试图采用其他规格和灵敏度测试。政策制定者应该注意到,目前提供非审计服务的限制可能不足以解决经济结合的问题和其对审计师独立性的影响。在以往的研究,其结果是模棱两可,发现总费用和审计质量两个指标在所有年份(2000-2003年)都符合审计师的经济粘连性而不是审计师对声誉的关注。关键词:审计费,审计,质量・-.、八.、■刖S:审计师的独立性和审计质量得到了监管者,立法者,金融界,报表使用者和研究人员之间的广泛的关注。这次讨论的促进了审计服务市场的戏剧性变化,在20世纪90年代,审计师从他们的审计客户收取大笔审计费用但是不会太严格地执行会计准则。审计师收取的费用,可以以两种方式影响审计质量:高额审计费用的支付可能会提高审计质量。另外,核数师支付了大笔费用,特别是那些有关系的非审计服务,审计师更多经济上依赖他们的客户。这样可能诱发审计师的财政依赖,即变得在审计过程中不愿意失去高利润的收费作出适当查询。相反,对审计失败有着潜在显著的经济成木(迪安基洛,1981;西穆尼克,1984年)。虽然最近的一些研究考查审计和非审计费用和独立性之间的关系,但对审计收费和审计行为之间的关系模棱两可(拉克尔理查森,2004年)。他们也有不同,如收费的组成和客户端的重要性影响审计师的独立性。我们和信,在企业盈利的情况下从企业支付的审计费中能够更好地抓住审计质量 和审计师独立性之间的关系。在这方面与金尼和利比(2002)的讨论一致。我们基于其预期的审计费用开发了一个检验审计师独立性的方法,即风险调整后的审计费用,而不是从客户收取的费用水平。因此,我们研究的风险调整后的费用,而不是原始收费。因为这些属性无法观察到,我们进行两个假设,一个是基于客户端的大小,而另一个是基于估计预期或正常支付的审计师的费用。前一个假定更大的平均,公司将要求审计师发挥更大的努力,创造更多的在审计事务所的审计失败事件的声誉。后者一个假定进一步完善审计师,并估计客户之间的经济粘连为前提的审计师预期或正常收取费用。我们使用从先前的文献中的费用估计模型的估算异常收费,不仅公司的规模,而且考虑到其复杂性,风险,和其他因素可能会影响审计师所收取的费用。因此,我们的主要目标是确定是否有较大规模的调整或异常收费。在这项研究中,我们考察2000-2003年期间,审计师收取的费用,并找到调整的费用和异常的总费用。[1]性能调整可操纵应计利润的绝对值。我们专注我们的分析的原因有两个审计师支付的费用总额。首先,论点,即非审计费用,可能会损害审计质量,通过扩展可以应用于收到的所有费用由核数师(Raghunandan等,2003)。第二,因为我们的样本期间跨越时限,在此期间,SEC改变其分类方案披露审计师支付的费用的组成部分,使用总费用,减轻任何潜在的混杂费用披露的影响。我们也进行类似的测试审计和非审计费用类别分成费用总额,并找到一个积极和;[2]审计质量指标都存在显著关联。我们的研究结果(包括前,后SOX),符合经济的决定性因素影响审计师的审计独立性,而不是审计师的对声誉的关注。但是,我们不能排除其他的可能性。我们对现有文献的研究在儿个方面做了补充和延伸。首先,审计业务收费的翻天覆地的变化,审计师(在最终通过的SOX)所面临的监管和专业环境所消耗的时间期间,审计师和财务报告的质量。其次,与以往的研究相比,其结果是:审计师的独立性和审计质量之间的关系紧密;在许多情况下,不能拒绝零假设没有关联(反映计量测试,缺乏动力),我们发现总费用和审计质量两个指标在所有年份之间的显著关联(2000・2003年),与经济结合的主要决定因素决定审计师的行为。第三,金尼和利比(2002)的建议,我们介绍一种方法来解决客户的重要性对审计师的独立性的影响。这种方法结合使用现有的审计收费研究的预测模型所产生的异常费用的估计。第四,我们对审计质量延伸的文献,釆用Dechow和Dichev(2002),McNichols(2002)和弗朗西斯等人修改制定的权责发生制的估计误差的措施。我们通过对这项措施的研究,以评估审计收费和审计质量之间的关联。本文的其余部分组织如下:下一节提供了有关的监管格局的背景,描述之前研究的发展和我们的预测。然后,我们提出我们的研究设计和我们的样本信息。接下来,我们描述的异常费用的估计,我们的研究结果的报告。然后,我们描述了我们额外的测试,然后得出结论。 监管环境,以前的研究和经验预测,监管环境此前萨班斯法案。投资者在审计师的独立性的问题对上市公司财务报表的信心展开了广泛的辩论。大部分的讨论助长了己发生的翻天覆地的变化在20世纪90年代的会计专业。更特别的是,许多会计师事务所(其中包括一些世界上最大的会计师事务所)合并,并转化自己到多专业的组织,他们提供了各种审计服务。同期在会计界的变化,公共公司增加的压力下,以满足或超越盈利预期。这两个事件的汇合点,促使证券交易委员会提出,然后通过规则说:在某些情况下,缩小审计师可以提供服务的范围,要求上市公司在相关审计师代理费报表提交后披露信息,2001年2J]5H(美国证券交易委员会最终规则S7-13-00,11刀,2000年)。提供服务的范围方面,最终规则指出「'我们已经确定不会采取全面禁止非审计服务。我们认识到,并不是所有的非审计服务的构成相同的风险“(证券交易委员会,2000年,第一节)。服务的最终规则的范围被看作是一个相对良性的变化,因为它澄清和符合专业文献中己经存在的很多限制。在安然公司的失败和安达信倒闭后,美国国会加强,并通过了2002年萨班斯-奥克斯利法案(Sarbanes-Oxley法案,2002年)。这一广泛立法的一个主要部分集中在削减从公众客户提供非审计相关服务的会计师事务所。这些被禁止的非审计服务包括:财务信息系统的实施和设计;内部审计职能;“其他服务”⑶。SOX法案还要求上市公司作出额外披露所提供的服务,支付的费用,他们的独立审计师。新的披露规则,这是在推出编号34-47365(证券交易委员会,2003)描述,扩大了上面一节中所述的现行规定。现在要求公司披露最近的两个财年的费用(每年中请后,2003年12刀15日结束的第一财政今年起生效)。除了扩大披露要求,新的规则要求审计委员会预先批准所有审计和允许非审计服务。上述表明,非审计服务损害的审计独立,导致低质量审计可能性增加,审计报告违反一般公认会计原则(金尼等人,2004年)。此前的研究己经调查了周围的协会之间的儿个方面审计费用和审计质量。这是基于该审计师的独立性的研究是至关重要的,以产生高品质的审计服务。近年来,监管机构已越来越集中在审计事务所的依赖非审计费用(2002年,美国国会众议院,美国参议院,2002年)。症结在于现任审计师提供非审计服务的观念,这反过来乂对审计师执行会计准则产生负面影响。如前所述,在2000年,证交会试图削减类似的非审计服务,审计师可以提供给他们的公共客户。最近,国会通过立法,明确禁止特定的渲染非审计服务。虽然这种独立性问题的无与伦比的关注一直坚持在后安然时代,周围的审计师费及审计经验证据的质量保持混合。弗兰克尔等人。(2002年)找到一个非审计费用与企业盈利及可操纵应计利润和收入增加的幅度和收入减少预提费用之间的正和关关系的可能性。他们争辩说,他们的结果提供了一些证据,非审计服务的企业采购管理在更大程度上比其他的公司盈利。和反,阿什 博等。(2003年)发现公司的总费用没有考虑酌情当前的预提费用,也没有任何收入之间的关联增加。同样,东涌及Kallapur(2003)没有发现审计收费的儿个指标和估计酌情之间的关联。(2002年)估计意外的费用比例,但没有引起企业盈余的意外费用。德丰等人。(2002年)预测异常的费用和他们之间32%和58%比例的非审计费用总额,并观察忆S预测模型。他们的样本是有财务困境的企业和86家收到其审计师保意见的公司。其结果是符合更高的总费用作为衡量审计质量和发行审计意见的类型。德丰等人(2002年)还审查了财务困境的企业,通过建设更多的样本(建议核数师一般会时更加谨慎,审计等公司)。拉克尔和理查森(2004年)估计预计费用与非审计费用。他们使用潜类混合物分析找到没有迹象显示经济结合。雷诺兹等人(2004年)审查弗兰克尔等人所获得的发现并指出,这些发现被赶出由小到中等规模的高增长公司。后控制了资产增长和上市有关的因素,他们没有观察到费的比例和绝对总费用之间的显着关联可操纵应计利润的价值。随着越来越多的在我们的研究设计部分充分说明,我们的研究是不同的,在我们检查异常的总费用和审计质量之间的关联。实证预测任何支付给审计师的费用和审计质量之间的关系是一个重要的关注点。高额的审计费用可能提高审计质量。评论家认为,高额费用支付给审计师,特别是那些涉及到的非审计服务,使审计人员在经济上依赖于他们的客户(Becker等人,1998年。马吉和深井,1990年)。这种财政依赖可能诱发成为使审计师的关系不愿在审计过程中适当的查询,以弥补失去高度的恐惧有利可图的费用。(迪安基洛,1981;西穆尼克,1984)。因此,审计收费和审计行为之间的关系是模糊的(拉克尔和理查森,2004年)。上述研究的基础上的数据和监管环境的问世以前的安然公司解体和萨班斯法案的最终通过。我们的研究补充和扩展了现有文献的研究。总结,虽然SOX的全面监管的影响程度尚未确定,立法者和监管者推定非审计服务呈现的后果:损害审计的独立性;导致低质量的审计;增加了会计准则的侵犯的可能性。那么我们就怀疑,扩大由萨班斯应该咨询服务费的披露和限制规定有效地遏制违反审计师的独立性。但是,如果违反审计师的独立性源于审计师对审计客户收取的费用的依赖。研究设计和样品描述:我们的方法:我们的研究在许多方面补充了以前的研究。首先,我们通过考察2000-2003年期间审计师提供审计和非审计服务收取费用的概述。因为在此期间支付审计师的费用之中,在业务,管理和专业审计师面临的环境发生了翻天覆地的变化,而以前的研究审计费用重点在于SOX的环境中收集到的数据。其次,我们评估审计质量,同时利用:(1)应计质量的措施,制定Dechow和Dichev(2002),修改McNichols(2002) 和弗朗西斯等人。(2005年);(2)幅度绝对酌情目前预提(一致阿什博等人,2003年等等)。第三,我们进行了实证分析纳入异常费用和审计质量重点。金尼和利比(2002)建议,“更好的概念定义可以提高在所有实证工作的测量。“他们称,客户和他们的审计师之间的经济结合的概念可以进一步细化,通过建立更好的模型,区分意想不到的非审计和审计费用。这样的区分可能刷新出更多意想不到的费用,并可能更好地捕捉经济的粘连对独立审计师的影响。因为,它是可能的,审计师的独立性受到总费用的数额影响(相对于其预计的金额),而不是从客户收取的费用水平,即客户异常高或低收费可能影响现任审计师的判断(德丰等。2002年)。 外文文献原文Title:AuditorfeesandauditqualityMaterialSource:TheAccountingReviewNo6/2008Author:RaniHoitashMarkelevichA.BarragatoAbstractPurpose-Thepaperaimstoexaminetherelationbetweenfeespaidtoauditorsandauditqualityduringtheperiodof2000-2003.Design/methodology/approach・Thepaperconstructsameasureofauditorprofitabilitythatisusedasaproxyforauditorindependence.Themethodologyisgroundedinthenotionthatauditorindependenceisinfluencedbyeffortandrisk-adjustedfees,ratherthantheleveloffeesreceivedfromclients.Since,riskandeffortareunobservable,thepaperusesproxiesbasedonclientsize,complexityandrisktoestimateabnormalfees.Abnormalfeesarederivedusingafeeestimationmodeldrawnfrompriorliterature.Thepaperemploystwometricstoassessauditquality-thestandarddeviationofresidualsfromregressionsrelatingcurrentaccrualstocashflowsandtheabsolutevalueofperformance-adjusteddiscretionaryaccruals.Findings-Thepaperdocumentsastatisticallysignificantnegativeassociationbetweentotalfeesandbothauditqualityproxiesoverallyears.Thesefindingsarerobusttoavarietyofadditionaltestsandseveralalternativedesignspecifications.Theresults(pre-andpost-SOX)areconsistentwitheconomicbondingbeingadeterminantofauditorbehaviorratherthanauditorreputationalconcerns.Researchlimitations/implications-Thepossibilitythattheempiricaltestsdonotcompletelycapturetheimpactofunobservedriskcannotberuledout,thoughthepaperattemptstodosobyemployingalternativespecificationsandsensitivitytests.Practicalimplications-Policymakersshouldnotethatcurrentrestrictionsontheprovisionofnon-auditservicesmaynotsufficientlyresolvetheissueofeconomicbondinganditsimpactonauditorindependence.Originality/value-Incontrasttopreviousstudieswhoseresultsareambiguous,thepaperfindsastatisticallysignificantpositiveassociationbetweenseveralmeasuresoftotalfees(itusessize-adjustedandabnormalfees)andtwometricsofaccrualsqualityinallyears(2000-2003),consistentwitheconomicbondingbeingadeterminantofauditorbehaviorratherthenauditorreputationconcerns. KeywordsAuditor'sfees,Auditors,QualityIntroductionTherelationbetweenauditorindependenceandanauditor'sabilitytoconducthigh-qualityauditshasbeenwidelydebatedbyregulators,legislators,financialstatementusersandresearchers.Muchofthisdiscussionhasbeenfueledbydramaticchangesinthemarketforaccountingservicesduringthe1990s,aswellasconcernsthatauditorsarelesslikelytoenforceGAAPtotheextentthattheyreceivelargefeesfromtheirauditclients.Feespaidtoauditorscanaffectauditqualityintwoways:largefeespaidtoauditorsmayincreasetheeffortexertedbyauditors,hence,increasingauditquality.Alternatively,largefeespaidtoauditors,particularlythosethatarerelatedtonon-auditservices,makeauditorsmoreeconomicallydependentontheirclients.Suchfinancialreliancemayinducearelationshipwherebytheauditorbecomesreluctanttomakeappropriateinquiriesduringtheauditforfearoflosinghighlyprofitablefees.Conversely,thepotentialforauditfailureimposessignificanteconomiccostsontheauditor(DeAngelo,1981;Simunic,1984).Thoughanumberofrecentstudieshaveexaminedtherelationshipbetweenauditandnon-auditfeesandindependence,theyareambiguousastotherelationshipbetweenauditfeesandauditorbehavior(LarckerandRichardson,2004).Theyalsodifferonhowfeecompositionandclientimportanceaffectauditorindependence.Webelievethatexaminingfeespaidbyfirmsinthecontextofauditorprofitabilitybettercapturestherelationbetweenauditqualityandauditorindependence・InthisregardandconsistentwiththediscussioninKinneyandLibby(2002),wedevelopamethodologythatisgroundedinthenotionthatauditorindependenceisinfluencedbytheamountoffeesrelativetotheirexpectedamounts;e.g.adjustedforauditoreffortandrisk,ratherthantheleveloffeesreceivedfromclients.Wethereforeexamineeffortandrisk-adjustedfeesratherthanrawfees.Since,theseattributesareunobservable,wedeveloptwoproxies,onebasedonclientsizeandtheotherbasedonestimatesofexpectedornormalfeespaidtoauditors.Theformerproxyassumesthatalargercompanywill,onaverage,requiretheauditortoexertmoreeffortandcreatesmorereputationriskfortheauditfirmintheeventofanauditfailure.Thelatterproxyfurtherrefinesthefinanciallinkagebetweentheauditorandtheclientbyestimatingexpectedornormalfeestobechargedbytheauditorpredicatedonclienttype.Wederiveabnormalfeesusingafeeestimationmodeldrawnfrompriorliteraturewhichtakesintoaccountnotonlythecompany'ssize,butalsoitscomplexity,risk,andotherfactorsthatmayaffectthefeeschargedbytheauditor.Thus,ourprincipalobjectiveistoascertainwhetherlargersize-adjustedorabnormalfeesresultinahigherorlowerqualityaudits. Inthisstudy,weexaminefeespaidtoauditorsduringtheperiod2000-2003andfindasignificantpositiverelationbetweensize-adjustedandabnormaltotalfeespaidtotheauditorandtwometricsusedtoassessauditquality一anaccrualsqualitymeasuredevelopedbyDechowandDihev(2002),asmodifiedbyMcNichols(2002)andFrancisetal.(2005)[l]andtheabsolutevalueofperformance-adjusteddiscretionaryaccruals.Wefocusouranalysisonthetotalfeespaidtotheauditorfortworeasons.First,theargumentthatnon-auditfeesmayimpairauditqualitycan,byextension,beappliedtoallfeesreceivedbytheauditor(Raghunandanetal.,2003).Second,sinceoursampleperiodspansatimeframeduringwhichtheSECchangeditsclassificatoryschemefordisclosingthecomponentsoffeespaidtoauditors,usingtotalfeesmitigatesanypotentialconfoundingfeedisclosureeffects.Wealsoconductsimilartestsbyseparatingtotalfeesintoauditandnon-auditfeescategoriesandfindapositiveandsignificantassociationwithbothofouraccrualsqualitymetrics[2].Ourresults(bothpre-andpost-SOX)areconsistentwitheconomicbondingbeingadeterminantofauditorbehavior,ratherthanauditorreputationalconcerns;however,wecannotruleoutthepossibilitythatourempiricaltestsdonotsufficientlycapturetheimpactofunobservedrisk,despiteourattemptstodosoutilizingavarietyofalternativespecificationsandsensitivitytests.Ourstudycomplementsandextendsexistingliteratureonseveraldimensions.First,weexaminefeespaidtoauditorsandfinancialreportingqualityoveraperiodoftimeconsumedbysweepingchangesinthebusiness,regulatoryandprofessionalenvironmentfacedbyauditors(culminatinginthepassageoftheSOX).Second,incontrasttopreviousstudieswhoseresultsare:.ambiguousastotherelationbetweenauditorindependenceandauditquality;and.inmanyinstancesfailtorejectthenullhypothesisofnoassociation(indicativeofeconometricteststhatlackpower),wefindastatisticallysignificantpositiveassociationbetweentotalfeesandtwometricsofaccrualsqualityinallyears(2000・2003),consistentwitheconomicbondingbeingtheprimarydeterminantofauditorbehaviorratherthenauditorreputationconcerns.Third,assuggestedbyKinneyandLibby(2002),weintroduceanapproachtoaddresstheimpactofclientimportanceandfeecompositiononauditorindependence.Thismethodologyincorporatesestimatesofabnormalfeesthataregeneratedusingafeepredictionmodelrootedinexistingauditfeeresearch.Fourth,ourpaperextendstheauditqualityliteraturebyemployinganaccrualestimationerrormeasuredevelopedbyDechowandDichev(2002),asmodifiedbyMcNichols(2002)andFrancisetal.(2005).Weareunawareofanyresearchthatusesthismeasuretoassesstheassociationbetweenauditfees andauditquality.Theremainderofthepaperisorganizedasfollows:thenextsectionprovidesbackgroundontheregulatorylandscape,describespriorliterature,anddevelopsourempiricalpredictions.Wethenpresentourresearchdesignandinformationaboutoursample.Wenextdescribetheestimationofabnormalfees,followedbyareportofourfindings.Wethendescribeouradditionaltests,andthenconclude.Regulatorylandscape,priorresearch,andempiricalpredictionsRegulatorylandscapePriortoSarbanesOxley.Issuessurroundingauditorindependenceandinvestorconfidenceinthefinancialstatementsofpubliccompanieshavebeenwidelydebated.Muchofthediscussionhasbeenfueledbysweepingchangesthathavetakenplaceintheaccountingprofessionduringthe1990s.Morespecifically,manyaccountingfirms(includingsomeofthelargestaccountingfirmsintheworld)mergedandtransformedthemselvesintomulti-specialtyorganizationsthatofferedavarietyofservicestotheirauditclients.Contemporaneouswiththeaccountingprofession^metamorphosis,publiccompanieswereunderincreasedpressuretomeetorbeatearningsexpectations.TheconfluenceofthesetwoeventspromptedtheSECtoproposeandthenadoptrulesthat:.betterdescribedandinsomecasesnarrowedthescopeofservicesthatauditorscouldprovide;and.requiredpubliccompaniestodiscloseinformationaboutauditorfeesinproxystatementsfiledafterFebruary5,2001(SECFinalRuleS7-13-00,November,2000).Withrespecttothescopeofservicesprovision,theFinalRulestatesthat"wehavedeterminednottoadoptatotalbanonnon-audit-services.•.werecognizethatnotallnon-auditservicesposethesamerisktoindependence^(SEC,2000,SectionI).ThescopeofservicessectionoftheFinalRulewasviewedbymanyasarelativelybenignchangeasitmerelyclarifiedandconformedrestrictionsthatalreadyexistedintheprofessionalliterature.AfterSarbanes-Oxley.InthewakeofEnron'sfailureandamidstthecollapseofArthurAndersen,CongresssteppedinandpassedtheSarbanes-OxleyActof2002(Sarbanes-OxleyAct,2002).Amajorportionofthisextensivelegislationfocusedoncurtailingpublicaccountingfirmsfromrenderingnon-audit-relatedservicestotheirpublicclients.Thesebannednon-auditservicesinclude:.financialinformationsystemimplementationanddesign;.internalauditfunctions;and• "otherservices^[3]>SOXalsorequirespubliccompaniestomakeadditionaldisclosuresregardingtheservicesprovidedby,andfeespaidto,theirindependentauditors.Thenewdisclosurerules,whicharedescribedinReleaseNo.34-47365(SEC,2003),expandedtheexistingrequirementsoutlinedinthesectionabove.Companiesarenowrequiredtodisclosefeesforthetwomostrecentfiscalyears(effectiveforannualfilingsforthefirstfiscalyearendingafterDecember15,2003).Inadditiontotheexpandeddisclosurerequirements,thenewrulesrequireauditcommitteestopre-approveallauditandpermissiblenon-auditservices.Theforegoingsuggeststhattherenderingofnon-auditservicesimpairsindependence,leadstolowerqualityauditsandincreasesthelikelihoodoffinancialreportingthatviolatesgenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples(Kinneyetal.52004).PriorresearchPriorresearchhasinvestigatedseveralaspectssurroundingtheassociationbetweenauditorfeesandauditquality.Thisresearchstreamisbasedonthethesisthatauditorindependenceisvitaltotheproductionofhigh-qualityaudits.Inrecentyears,regulatorshavebecomeincreasinglyfocusedontherelianceofauditfirmsonnon-auditfees(USHouseofRepresentatives,2002;USSenate,2002).Thecruxoftheissueisgroundedinthenotionthatnon-auditservicesprovidedbyincumbentauditorscannegativelyinfluenceauditorjudgment,whichinturnimpairstheauditors^abilitytoenforceGAAP.Aspreviouslydescribed,in2000theSECattemptedtocurtailthetypesofnon-auditservicesauditorscouldprovidetotheirpublicclients.Morerecently,Congressenactedlegislationthatspecificallyprohibitstherenderingofspecificnon-auditservices.Thoughunparalleledattentiontothisindependenceissuehaspersistedinthepost-Enronera,theempiricalevidencesurroundingauditorfeesandauditqualityremainsmixed.Frankeletal.(2002)findapositiveassociationbetweennon-auditfeesandthelikelihoodofreportingasmallearningssurprise,themagnitudeofdiscretionaryaccrualsandthemagnitudesofincome-increasingandincome-decreasingaccruals.Theycontendthattheirresultsprovidesomeevidencethatfirmsprocuringnon-auditservicesmanageearningstoagreaterextentthanotherfirms.Conversely,Ashbaughetal.(2003)findnoassociationbetweenfirms'totalfeesanddiscretionarycurrentaccruals,noranyassociationbetweenincomeincreasing-accrualsandclientfees.Similarly,ChungandKallapur(2003)findnoassociationbetweenseveralaudit-feemetricsandtheirestimateofdiscretionaryaccruals.Anumberofpapersincorporatetheuseofabnormalfeesintheirauditqualitystudies.Frankeletal.(2002)estimatedunexpectedfeeratiosbutdidnotlinkunexpectedfeesto earningsquality.DeFondetal.(2002)predictabnormalfeesandtheratioofnon-audittototalfees,andobserveR2sbetween32and58percentfortheirpredictionmodels.Theirsampleiscomprisedoffinanciallydistressedfirmsand86firmsthatreceivedgoingconcernopinionsfromtheirauditors.Theirresultsareconsistentwithhighertotalfeesbeingassociatedwithbetterauditqualityasmeasuredbythetypeofauditopinionissued(unqualifiedv.goingconcern).DeFondetal.(2002)alsoexamineasampleoffinanciallydistressedfirmswhichbyconstructionaremorelikelytobethesubjectoffuturelitigation(suggestingthatauditorswillgenerallybemorecautiouswhenauditingsuchcompanies).LarckerandRichardson(2004)alsoestimateexpectedtotalandnon-auditfees.Theyuselatentclassmixtureanalysisandfindnoindicationofeconomicbonding.However,theyusenocontrolsintheiraccrualregressionsandtheirfeesaredeflatedbythetotalrevenueoftheauditfirm.Whisenantetal.(2003)alsousedabnormalfeeratioandabnormaltotalfeesandcomparedthembetween110restatingfirmsandtheCompustatuniverseofnon-restatingfirms.Theyfoundnosignificantdifferencesinabnormalfeesbetweenthetwogroups.Reynoldsetal.(2004)examinedthefindingobtainedbyFrankeletal.(2002)andobservedthatthesefindingsweredrivenbysmall-tomedium-sizehigh-growthfirms.AftercontrollingforanumberoffactorsrelatedtoassetsgrowthandIPOs,theyobservednosignificantassociationbetweenthefeeratioandthelogoftotalfeestotheabsoluteevalueofdiscretionaryaccruals.Asmorefullydescribedinourresearchdesignsection,ourstudyisdifferentinthatweexaminetheassociationbetweenabnormaltotalfeesandauditquality(measuredusingtwoproxiesofaccrualsquality)foralargenumberofcompaniesoveranextendedperiodoftime.EmpiricalpredictionsAnyrelationbetweenthefeespaidtoauditorsandauditqualityisanimportantinputtotheongoingdebateonhowtheaccountingprofessionshouldbeorganizedandmonitored.Largefeespaidtoauditorsmayincreasetheeffortexertedbyauditors,hence,increasingtheauditquality.Criticscontendthatlargefeespaidtoauditors,particularlythosethatarerelatedtonon-auditservices,makeauditorsmoreeconomicallydependentontheirclients(BeckeretaL,1998;MageeandTseng,1990).Suchfinancialreliancemayinducearelationshipwherebytheauditorbecomesreluctanttomakeappropriateinquiriesduringtheauditforfearoflosinghighlyprofitablefees.Conversely,otherssuggestthatthepotentialforauditfailureimposessignificanteconomiccostsontheauditor(DeAngelo,1981;Simunic,1984).Thus,therelationshipbetweenauditfeesandauditorbehaviorisambiguous(LarckerandRichardson,2004). Theaforementionedstudiesarebasedondataandaregulatoryenvironmentthatpre-datestheunravelingofEnronandtheultimatepassageofSOX.Ourstudycomplementsandextendsexistingliteraturebyexaminingtotalfees,auditandnon-auditfeesandauditqualityoveraperiodoftimethatspansanevolvingbusinessandregulatoryenvironment.Tosummarize,thoughthefullregulatoryimpactofSOXisyettobedetermined,totheextentthatlegislatorsandregulatorsarecorrectintheirpresumptionthattherenderingofnon-auditservices:impairsindependence;leadstolowerqualityaudits;and.increasesthelikelihoodofGAAPviolations,thenwesuspectthattheexpandedfeedisclosuresandrestrictionsonconsultingservicesmandatedbySOXshouldbeeffectiveincurtailingauditorindependenceviolations•However,ifauditorindependenceviolationsstemmorefromauditors9dependencyonthefeesreceivedfromauditclients,thenweexpecttoseelittlechangeinauditorindependencebreachesthatresultfromtheabusiveapplicationofGAAP.ResearchdesignandsampledescriptionOurapproachOurstudycomplementspreviousresearchinanumberofways.First,weprovideanoverviewofauditandnon-auditservicesbyexaminingfeespaidtoauditorsduringtheperiod2000-2003.Thistimeframeisofparticularinterestbecausefeespaidtoauditorsduringthisperiodoccurredamidstsweepingchangesinthebusiness,regulatoryandprofessionalenvironmentfacedbyauditors;whereaspriorstudieshavefocusedonauditfeedatacollectedinapre-SOXenvironment.Second,weassessauditqualityutilizingboth:(1)anaccrualsqualitymeasuredevelopedbyDechowandDichev(2002),asmodifiedbyMcNichols(2002)andFrancisetal.(2005);and(2)themagnitudeofabsolutediscretionarycurrentaccruals(consistentwithAshbaughetal“2003,amongothers).Third,weincorporatethesetwoproxiesforauditqualityintoanempiricalanalysisthatfocusesonabnormalfees.KinneyandLibby(2002)suggestthat"betterconceptualdefinitionscanimprovemeasurementoftheconceptsinallempiricalwork/'Theygoontoarguethattheconceptofeconomicbondingbetweenclientsandtheirauditorscanbefurtherrefinedthroughbuildingbettermodelsthatdistinguishbetweenunexpectednon-auditandauditfees.Suchadistinctionmayflushoutthemoreominousimpactoneconomicbondingthatemanatesfromunexpectedfeesandmaybettercapturetheeffectsofauditorprofitabilityonindependence.Since,itislikelythatauditorindependenceis influencedbytheamountofthetotalfeesrelativetotheirexpectedamounts,ratherthantheleveloffeesreceivedfromclients;i.e.clientswithunusuallyhighorlowfeesmayinfluenceincumbentauditorjudgment(DeFondetal.,2002),incorporatingtheseadditionalmeasuresiseconomicallyintuitiveandaddressesanumberofconcernssurroundingtheuseoftheleveloffeeswithoutcontrollingfortheirsource(LarckerandRichardson,2004).Fourth,weuseafeepredictionmodeldrawnfromSimunic(1984),CraswellandFrancis(1999)andHayetaL(2006).Weusethisfeepredictionmodeltoestimatetheunexpectedportionoftotalfees(whichwedeemtorepresentauditorprofitability),whichistheprimaryfocusofouranalysis,andconductancillarytestsonauditandnon-auditfees.Since,auditengagementprofitabilityisnotdirectlyobservable,weusetheresidualtermgeneratedfromestimatingourfeepredictionmodelasourproxy.Thoughourestimationmodelforabnormalfeesisnotaperfectsubstituteforunobservableauditengagementprofits(losses),afteradjustingforsize,complexity,risk,andimposingtestsformulticollinearityandheteroscedasticity,itiswell-specified(e.g.explanatorypowerrangingfrom73to78percent).Thus,withrespecttotheeffectsofclientimportanceandauditoreffortonauditquality,weexpectthatincludingabnormalfeesinourmodelingwillenhanceourcontrolsbeyondthoseobtainedusingonlyscaledfeesortheratioofnon-auditfeestototalfees[4].

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