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1、QuantumTheoryofConductingMatterShigejiFujita·KeiIto·SalvadorGodoyQuantumTheoryofConductingMatterSuperconductivity123ShigejiFujitaKeiItoDepartmentofPhysicsNationalCenterforUniversityStateUniversityofNewYorkEntranceExaminationBuffaloNY142602-19-13KomabaUSATokyof
2、ujita@buffalo.eduMeguro-ku153-8501Japanito@rd.dnc.ac.jpSalvadorGodoyDepartmentofF´ısicaUniversidadNacionalAutonomadeM´exico´04510Mexico´Mexico´sgs@hp.fciencias.unam.mxISBN978-0-387-88205-5e-ISBN978-0-387-88211-6DOI10.1007/978-0-387-88211-6LibraryofCongressCont
3、rolNumber:2008941163cSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2009Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerpt
4、sinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden.Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademark
5、s,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights.Printedonacid-freepaperspringer.comPrefaceAunifiedtheoryofsuperconductivityinelements,compoundandcupratesispre-
6、sented.Superconductivityisthemoststrikingphenomenoninsolidstatephysics.TheelectricalresistanceduetoimpuritiesandphononsinametalsuddenlydropstozerobelowacriticaltemperatureTc.Notallelementalmetalsshowsupercon-ductivity,whichsuggeststhatthephenomenondependsonthe
7、latticestructureandtheFermisurface.Inahistric1957paperBardeen,CooperandSchrieffer(BCS)startwithareducedHamiltonianH0containingelectronandholekineticen-ergiesandapairinginteraction,calculatetheground-stateenergyE0toobtainE0=N0w0,whereN0isthenumberoftheCooperpai
8、rs(pairons)andw0theground-stateenergyofapairon,usingtheenergyminimumprinciple.Theyalsoobtainthezerotemperatureenergygapequation(18.32),thesolutionofwhichyieldstheground-stateenerg
