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1、4.CityplanningLanceM.NeckarLandscapearchitectshadaseminalroleinthedevelopmentofcityplanningintheUnitedStates.Manylandscapearchitectswoulddatetheinvolvementoftheirprofessionincityplanningfromtheturnofthecentury,citingtheroleofFrederickLawOlmsted,Jr.,asamemberoftheMcMill
2、anCommission,whichsetabouttoredesignWashingtonD.C.,in1901.OtherswouldturntotheolderOlmstedplanforthe1893WorldsColumbianExpositioninChicago.However,theurbanplanningroleoflandscapearchitectsgoesbackevenfurthe匚OlmstedandVaux^designofCentralParkinNewYorkCityin1858andthesu
3、bsequentdevelopmentofurbanparksystemsinthelate19thandearly20lhcenturiesprovidedsignificantconceptsforurbangrowth.Themid-19th-centurysuburbantowndesignsbyOlmsted,JedHotchkiss,H.W.S.Clevelandandothersconstitutedthefirstorganizedvisionsofurbanization.Theprimaryimpetusforc
4、reatingthedisciplineandprofessionofcityplanningcameinthedecadesfollowingtheMcMillanPlan.ThiswastheeraoftheCityBeautiful,aphrasecoinedbyCharlesMulfordRobinson,ajournalist-turned-plannerandauthoroftheinfluentialModernCivicArt,ortheCityModeBeautiful(1903).Mostprojectswere
5、executedbylandscapearchitectsandarchitects.Theidealoftheseearlyplanswasembodiedintheciviccenter,amonumentalspacedesignedforcitygovernmentbuildings.Ideally,thisciviccenter,byitslocationandgrandeur,wouldsymbolizetheimprovementofthewholecity.Manylandscapearchitectsalsopro
6、videdschematicparksystem,waterfrontandsuburbansubdivisionplansasaregularcomponentoftheirservices.WhileRobinsonandDanielH.Burnhamwerearguablythemostfamousplannersoftheday,landscapearchitectswerethepreeminentorganizersoftheprofessionofcityplanning.In1909thefirstnationalc
7、onferenceoncityplanningwasheld,withtheyoungerOlmstedandJohnNolenmakingsignificantpresentations.ThatyearNolenpersuadedWisconsirfslegislaturetoadoptthefirstlegislationauthorizingcitiestocreateplanningcommissionsandpreparecityplans.Thatsameyear,JamesS.Prayofferedthefirstc
8、ourseincityplanningatHarvardUniversity^SchoolofLandscapeArchitecture.Bythedecade^sendthegrandeuroftheCityBeautifulhad
