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1、（UNIT9）ReadingMaterialBINSTITUTIONALANDCORPORATELANDSCAPES[1]CherylBarton社会机构及公司园区景观社会公共机构的环境受益于风景园林师的专业技术已有一个多世纪，纯净的空气、水和阳光及其他自然事物对于医院、精神病院和疗养院的规划来说是很重要的因素。而公司景观却是一种比较新的现象，二战后，由于工业的快速增长和郊区的出现，公司园区逐渐发展起来，例如Sasaki的迪尔公司，EDAW的卡尔森中心，EDSA的百事公司，都是为舒缓工作强度而设计的大量开放空间和娱乐资源，以此来确保员工更加忠诚和高产，为公司的不动产增值；而且，这些特色还反映
2、了公司形象、身份、权利、声望和产品的卓越特性。同时，市区里的公司景观也兴盛起来，如奥斯芒德森的凯撒屋顶花园，丹.凯利的达拉斯喷泉广场，SWA的威廉姆斯广场，哈格里夫斯的雪弗龙公司景观等。Initsconcernwithprovidingmeaningfulopenspace,landscapearchitecturehasalwaysrelatedfundamentallytohumanwelfare.Institutionalenvironmentshavebenefitedfromtheexpertiseoflandscapearchitectsformorethanacentury,b
3、utthecorporatelandscapeisamorerecentphenomenon.Inthe18thandearly19thcenturies,institutionsexistedprimarilytotakecareofproblemsthatthefamilywasunabletohandle----careofthementallyretarded,orphanedchildren,thesickandthehandicapped.Manyoftheseplaceswerelittlemorethanwarehouses.Asimilarfatemetworkersdur
4、ingtheIndustrialRevolution[2]whofledtheirfarmstograspopportunitiesinthecities.There,too,theywereconfinedinwarehouse-typeenvironmentsforlong,exhaustinghours为了提供.Reflectingpost-CivilWarreformmovements,Americanlandscapearchitectsdemonstratedinnovativeandpracticalresponsestothesocialproblemsofalcoholis
5、m,mentalillnessanddiseaseinthedesignofnewinstitutionalsettings.Pureairandwater,sunlightandothernaturalamenitieswereimportantfactorsinplanninghospitals,asylumsandsanatoriums.Spacious,well-designedgroundsreflectedadvancesinmedicine.Theseprojectscouldinvolvemanydisciplinesandwereoftencoordinatedbyland
6、scapearchitectswhoseknowledgeofenvironmentalfactorsprovidedtherequisiteoverview.FrederickLawOlmsted,oncesecretaryoftheU.S.SanitaryCommission[3](latertheAmericanRedCross),plannedseveralsignificantinstitutions,includingColumbiaInstitutionfortheDeaf[4](1866)(Fig.1)inWashington,D.C.TheplanfortheIowaHos
7、pitalfortheInsane[5](1871,H.W.S.Cleveland),Mt.Pleasant,involvedpatientsinthetherapeuticplantingofnativetreesandshrubsontheasylumgrounds.Scientificevidencehasindicatedthatdirectcontactwithnatureproducesposit
