分析哲学蒯因经验主义的两个教条twodogmasofempiricism

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1、Quine-TwoDogmasofEmpiricismTwoDogmasofEmpiricismByWillardVanOrmanQuineOriginallypublishedinThePhilosophicalReview60(1951):20-43.ReprintedinW.V.O.Quine,FromaLogicalPointofView(HarvardUniversityPress,1953;secondrevisededition1961),withthefollowingalterations:“Theversionprintedheredivergesfromtheor

2、iginalinfootnotesandinotherminorrespects:§§1and6havebeenabridgedwheretheyencroachontheprecedingessay,and§§3-4havebeenexpandedatpoints.”Transcribedintohypertext(http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html)byAndrewChrucky,Sept.12,1997.Modernempiricismhasbeenconditionedinlargepartbytwodogmas.Oneisabelie

3、finsomefundamentalcleavagebetweentruthswhichareanalytic,orgroundedinmeaningsindependentlyofmattersoffactandtruthswhicharesynthetic,orgroundedinfact.Theotherdogmaisreductionism:thebeliefthateachmeaningfulstatementisequivalenttosomelogicalconstructupontermswhichrefertoimmediateexperience.Bothdogma

4、s,Ishallargue,areillfounded.Oneeffectofabandoningthemis,asweshallsee,ablurringofthesupposedboundarybetweenspeculativemetaphysicsandnaturalscience.Anothereffectisashifttowardpragmatism.1.BACKGROUNDFORANALYTICITYKant’scleavagebetweenanalyticandsynthetictruthswasforeshadowedinHume’sdistinctionbetwe

5、enrelationsofideasandmattersoffact,andinLeibniz’sdistinctionbetweentruthsofreasonandtruthsoffact.Leibnizspokeofthetruthsofreasonastrueinallpossibleworlds.Picturesquenessaside,thisistosaythatthetruthsofreasonarethosewhichcouldnotpossiblybefalse.Inthesameveinwehearanalyticstatementsdefinedasstatem

6、entswhosedenialsareself-contradictory.Butthisdefinitionhassmallexplanatoryvalue;forthenotionofself-contradictoriness,inthequitebroadsenseneededforthisdefinitionofanalyticity,standsinexactlythesameneedofclarificationasdoesthenotionofanalyticityitself.1Thetwonotionsarethetwosidesofasingledubiousco

7、in.Kantconceivedofananalyticstatementasonethatattributestoitssubjectnomorethanisalreadyconceptuallycontainedinthesubject.Thisformulationhastwoshortcomings:itlimitsitselftostatementsofsubject-predicateform,anditappealstoanoti