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1、.TwoDogmasofEmpiricismByWillardVanOrmanQuineOriginallypublishedinThePhilosophicalReview60(1951):20-43.ReprintedinW.V.O.Quine,FromaLogicalPointofView(HarvardUniversityPress,1953;secondrevisededition1961),withthefollowingalterations:“Theversionprintedheredivergesfromtheo
2、riginalinfootnotesandinotherminorrespects:§§1and6havebeenabridgedwheretheyencroachontheprecedingessay,and§§3-4havebeenexpandedatpoints.”Transcribedintohypertext(http://www.ditext.com/quine/quine.html)byAndrewChrucky,Sept.12,1997.Modernempiricismhasbeenconditionedinlarg
3、epartbytwodogmas.Oneisabeliefinsomefundamentalcleavagebetweentruthswhichareanalytic,orgroundedinmeaningsindependentlyofmattersoffactandtruthswhicharesynthetic,orgroundedinfact.Theotherdogmaisreductionism:thebeliefthateachmeaningfulstatementisequivalenttosomelogicalcons
4、tructupontermswhichrefertoimmediateexperience.Bothdogmas,Ishallargue,areillfounded.Oneeffectofabandoningthemis,asweshallsee,ablurringofthesupposedboundarybetweenspeculativemetaphysicsandnaturalscience.Anothereffectisashifttowardpragmatism.1.BACKGROUNDFORANALYTICITYKant
5、’scleavagebetweenanalyticandsynthetictruthswasforeshadowedinHume’sdistinctionbetweenrelationsofideasandmattersoffact,andinLeibniz’sdistinctionbetweentruthsofreasonandtruthsoffact.Leibnizspokeofthetruthsofreasonastrueinallpossibleworlds.Picturesquenessaside,thisistosayt
6、hatthetruthsofreasonarethosewhichcouldnotpossiblybefalse.Inthesameveinwehearanalyticstatementsdefinedasstatementswhosedenialsareself-contradictory.Butthisdefinitionhassmallexplanatoryvalue;forthenotionofself-contradictoriness,inthequitebroadsenseneededforthisdefinition
7、ofanalyticity,standsinexactlythesameneedofclarificationasdoesthenotionofanalyticityitself.1Thetwonotionsarethetwosidesofasingledubiouscoin.Kantconceivedofananalyticstatementasonethatattributestoitssubjectnomorethanisalreadyconceptuallycontainedinthesubject.Thisformulat
8、ionhastwoshortcomings:itlimitsitselftostatementsofsubject-predicateform,anditappealstoanotionofcontainmentwhichisleft
