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1、ProblemsandAnswerstoChapter2Q1:CanadaandAustraliaare(mainly)English-speakingcountrieswithpopulationsthatarenottoodifferentinsize(Canada’sis60percentlarger).ButCanadiantradeistwiceaslarge,relativetoGDP,asAustralia’s.Whyshouldthisbethecase?加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家,两国的人口规模也相当(加拿大多60
2、%),但是相对各自的GDP而言,加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍,为什么如此?A1:AccordingtoGravityModel,GDPisnottheonlyfactortoexplainthevolumeoftradebetweentwocountries,becausedistanceisalsoanimportantfactor.Consideringthedistance,thetransportationcostofAustraliaisrelativelyhigherthanthatofCanada,sotheattra
3、ctivenessoftradeisreduced.However,CanadaisclosetotheUSAwhichisalargeeconomywhileAustraliaisnotclosetoanylargeeconomy,makingCanadamoreopenwhileAustraliaismoreautarky.GDP不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素,距离也是至关重要的因素之一。考虑到距离,澳大利亚的进出口运输成本相对更高,因此减少了贸易吸引力。因为加拿大与美国相邻,而澳大利亚不与任何一个大经济体相邻,这使得加拿大更加
4、开放,而澳大利亚更加自给自足。Q2:MexicoandBrazilhaveverydifferenttradingpatterns.MexicotradesmainlywiththeUnitedStates,BraziltradesaboutequallywiththeUnitedStatesandwiththeEuropeanUnion;MexicodoesmuchmoretraderelativetoitsGDP.Explainthesedifferencesusingthegravitymodel.墨西哥和巴西各自的贸易模式不同
5、。墨西哥主要与美国贸易,巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥的贸易量相对其GDP而言很大。用引力模型解释这种现象。A2:MexicoisclosetotheUnitedStates,butisveryfarfromtheEuropeanUnion,soMexico’svalueoftradewiththeUnitedStatesislarge.BrazilisfarfromboththeUnitedStatesandEuropeanUnion,thus,Brazil’svolumeoftradewiththeUnitedState
6、sandwiththeEuropeanUnionisgenerallyequivalent.Mexico’svolumeoftradeislargerthanBrazil’s,fortworeasons:oneisthatMexicoisadjacenttotheUnitedStateswhichisalargeeconomy;theotheristhatMexicoisoneofthemembersofNAFTA.Brazilisfarfromanylargeeconomy,andthesizeoftheeconomyforthec
7、ountrieswhichhavesignedfreetradeagreementswithBrazilisrelativelysmall.墨西哥与美国毗邻,但是距离欧盟很远,因此它与美国的贸易量很大。巴西离美国和欧盟都很远,因此巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥贸易量比巴西大,其原因一方面由于墨西哥离大经济体美国近,另一方面由于它是北美贸易协定的成员国之一。巴西远离任何一个大经济体,与它签订自由贸易协定的国家经济规模都比较小。Q3:Equation(2.1)saysthattradebetweenanytwocountries
8、isproportionaltotheproductoftheirGDPs.DoesthismeanthattheGDPofeverycountryintheworldweretoincreaseby50%,worldt