外文翻译---土石坝的特征及筑坝技术控制

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1、附录英文论文Thecharacteristicsofearth-rockDAMSandtechnicalcontrol1.selectionofembankmenttypeIngeneral,therearetwotypesofembankmentdams:earth（earthfilldam）androckfill（rockfilldam）.Theselectionisdependentupontheusablematerialsfromtherequiredexcavationandavailableborrow.

2、Itshouldbenotedthatrockfillscanshadeintosoilfillsdependinguponthephysicalcharacteroftherockandthatnohardandfastsystemofclassificationcanbemade.Rockswhicharesoftandwilleasilybreakdownundertheactionofexcavationandplacementcanbeclassifiedwithearthfills.Rockswhichar

3、ehardandwillnotbreakdownsignificantlyaretreatedasrockfills.Theselectionandthedesignofanearthembankmentarebaseduponthejudgementandexperienceofthedesignerandistoalargeextentofanempiricalnature.Thevariousmethodsofstabilityandseepageanalysisareusedmainlytoconfirmthe

4、engineer’sjudgement2.freeboardAllearthdamsmusthavesufficientextraheightknownasfreeboardtopreventovertoppingbythepool.Thefreeboardmustbeofsuchheightthatwaveaction,windsetup,andearthquakeeffectswillnotresultinovertoppingofthedam.Inadditiontofreeboard,anallowancemu

5、stbemadeforsettlementoftheembankmentandthefoundationwhichwilloccuruponcompletionoftheembankment.3.topwidthThewidthoftheearthdamtopisgenerallycontrolledbytherequiredwidthoffillforeaseofconstructionusingconventionalequipment.Ingeneral,thetopwidthshouldnotbelesstha

6、n30ft.ifadangerexistsofanovertoppingwavecausedeitherbymassivelandslidesinthepoolorbyseismicblocktipping,thenextratopwidthoferosionresistivefillwillberequired.4.alignmentThealignmentofanearthfilldamshouldbesuchastominimizeconstructioncostsbutsuchalignmentshouldno

7、tbesuchastoencourageslidingorcrackingoftheembankment.Normallytheshorteststraightlineacrossthevalleywillbesatisfactory,butlocaltopographicandfoundationconditionsmaydictateotherwise.Damslocatedinnarrowvalleysoftenaregivenanalignmentwhichisarchedupstreamsothatdefle

8、ctionsoftheembankmentunderpoolloadwillputtheembankmentincompressionthusminimizingtransversecracking.5.AbutmentsThreeproblemsaregenerallyassociatedwiththeabutmentsofea