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1、文献综述FootingsTypesandfunctionofsubstructure,orfoundation,isthatpartofastructurewhichisusuallyplacedbelowthesurfaceofthegroundandwhichtransmitstheloadtotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Allsoilscompressnoticeablywhenloadedandcausethesupportedstructuretosettle.Thetwoessentialrequirementsinthedesigno
2、ffoundationsarethatthetotalsettlementofthestructureshallbelimitedtoatolerablysmallamountandthatdifferentialsettlementofthevariouspartsofthestructureshallbeeliminatedasnearlyaspossible.Withrespecttopossiblestructuraldamage,theeliminationofdifferentialsettlement,i.e.,differentamountsofset
3、tlementwithinthesamestructure,isevenmoreimportantthanlimitationsonuniformoverallsettlement.Tolimitsettlementasindicated,itisnecessarytotransmittheloadofthestructuretoasoilstratumofsufficientstrengthandtospreadtheloadcoverasufficientlylargeareaofthatstratumtominimizebearingpressure.Ifade
4、quatesoilisnotfoundimmediatelybelowthestructure,itbecomesnecessarytousedeepfoundationssuchaspilesorcaissonstotransmittheloadtodeeper,firmerlayers.Ifsatisfactorysoildirectlyunderliesthestructure,itismerelynecessarytospreadtheload,byfootingsorothermeans.Suchsubstructuresareknownasspreadfo
5、undations,anditismainlythistypewhichwillbediscussed.TypesofspreadfoundationsFootingsgenerallycanbeclassifiedaswallandcolumnfootings.Thehorizontaloutlinesofthemostcommontypesaregiven.Awallfootingissimplyastripofreinforcedconcrete,widerthanthewall,whichdistributespressure.singlecolumnfoot
6、ingareusuallysquare,sometimesrectangular,andrepresentthesimplestandmosteconomicaltype.Theiruseunderexteriorcolumnsmeetswithdifficultiesifpropertyrightspreventtheuseoffootingprojectingbeyondtheexteriorwalls.Inthiscasecombinedfootingsorstrapfootingsareusedenableonetodesignafootingwhichwil
7、lnotprojectbeyondthewallcolumn.Combinedfootingsundercloselyspaced,heavilyloadedinteriorcolumnswheresinglefootings,iftheywereprovided,wouldcompletelyornearlymerge.Suchindividualorcombinedcolumnfootingsarethemostfrequentlyusedtypesofspreadfoundationsonsoilsofreasonablebearingcapa
