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1、文献综述FootingsTypesandfunctionofsubstructure,orfoundation,isthatpartofastructurewhichisusuallyplacedbelowthesurfaceofthegroundandwhichtransmitstheloadtotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Allsoilscompressnoticeablywhenloadedandcausethesupportedstructuretosettle.Thetwoessentialrequirementsinthe
2、designoffoundationsarethatthetotalsettlementofthestructureshallbelimitedtoatolerablysmallamountandthatdifferentialsettlementofthevariouspartsofthestructureshallbeeliminatedasnearlyaspossible.Withrespecttopossiblestructuraldamage,theeliminationofdifferentialsettlement,i.e.,differe
3、ntamountsofsettlementwithinthesamestructure,isevenmoreimportantthanlimitationsonuniformoverallsettlement.Tolimitsettlementasindicated,itisnecessarytotransmittheloadofthestructuretoasoilstratumofsufficientstrengthandtospreadtheloadcoverasufficientlylargeareaofthatstratumtominimize
4、bearingpressure.Ifadequatesoilisnotfoundimmediatelybelowthestructure,itbecomesnecessarytousedeepfoundationssuchaspilesorcaissonstotransmittheloadtodeeper,firmerlayers.Ifsatisfactorysoildirectlyunderliesthestructure,itismerelynecessarytospreadtheload,byfootingsorothermeans.Suchsub
5、structuresareknownasspreadfoundations,anditismainlythistypewhichwillbediscussed.TypesofspreadfoundationsFootingsgenerallycanbeclassifiedaswallandcolumnfootings.Thehorizontaloutlinesofthemostcommontypesaregiven.Awallfootingissimplyastripofreinforcedconcrete,widerthanthewall,whichd
6、istributespressure.singlecolumnfootingareusuallysquare,sometimesrectangular,andrepresentthesimplestandmosteconomicaltype.Theiruseunderexteriorcolumnsmeetswithdifficultiesifpropertyrightspreventtheuseoffootingprojectingbeyondtheexteriorwalls.Inthiscasecombinedfootingsorstrapfootin
7、gsareusedenableonetodesignafootingwhichwillnotprojectbeyondthewallcolumn.Combinedfootingsundercloselyspaced,heavilyloadedinteriorcolumnswheresinglefootings,iftheywereprovided,wouldcompletelyornearlymerge.Suchindividualorcombinedcolumnfootingsarethemostfrequentlyusedtypesofspreadf
8、oundationsonsoilsofreasonablebearingcapa
