台湾大学大气科学系

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1、柳中明臺灣大學大氣科學系生地化與氣候系統變遷的交互作用CouplingsBetweenChangesintheClimateSystemandBiogeochemistryChapter712Nonlinearinteractionsbetweentheclimateandbiogeochemicalsystemscouldamplify(positivefeedbacks)orattenuate(negativefeedbacks)thedisturbancesproducedbyhumanactivities.3TheLandS

2、urfaceandClimateTheCarbonCycleandClimateReactiveGasesandClimateAerosolParticlesandClimate4Thelandclimateconsistsof‘internal’variablesand‘external’drivers,includingthevarioussurfaceenergy,carbonandmoisturestores,andtheirresponsetoprecipitation,incomingradiationandnearsu

3、rfaceatmosphericvariables.Thedriversandresponsevariableschangeovervarioustemporalandspatialscales.Theresponsevariablesanddriversfortheterrestrialsystemcanbedividedintobiophysical,biological,biogeochemicalandhumanprocesses.Theexchangesofenergyandmoisturebetweentheatmosp

4、hereandlandsurface(Boxes7.1and7.2)aredrivenbyradiation,precipitationandthetemperature,humidityandwindsoftheoverlyingatmosphere.內部變因外部推動氣候反應時空變異生物物理生物生物地質化學5輻射降雨水汽氣溫風6Thetotalrateofexchangeofenergybetweentheatmosphereandthesurfaceisthenetofallofthedifferentfluxes:Fnet=S

5、W-LW-SHF-LHFwhere:Fnetisthenetdownwardheatfluxintothesurface(positivedownward)SWistheportionofincomingsolarradiationabsorbedbythesurface(positivedownward)LWisthenetoutgoinglongwaveradiation(positiveupward)SHFisthesensibleheatflux,orheattransferredfromthesurfacetotheatm

6、ospherebyturbulentmotionanddryconvection(positiveupward)LHFisthelatentheatflux,orheatextractedfromthesurfacebyevaporation(positiveupwardSurfaceenergybalance淨輻射7SWLWLHFSHFemission89Q*=H+LE+Glatentheat(LE)sensibleheat(H)groundheat(G)Q受雲、地表反射率、地表輻射率等影響地表特徵受地貌、植被、氣候等影響10hy

7、drologicalcycle降雨蒸發逕流植物11溫度與降雨是否相關?冬季高緯度正相關夏季低緯度負相關12高緯度氣溫上升大氣水汽含量上升降雨量在高溫時可能較多若低雲存在有保溫作用低緯度無降雨時蒸發量減少少雲近地面太陽輻射量增溫evaporativecoolinggreenhouseeffectsolarreflection13低雲在森林部份開發區增加!農地僅較森林的反射率略高蒸發率低雲14土地狀況改變，就改變地表水汽蒸發熱量與長波輻射輸出量，而影響垂直大氣加熱率影響環流與雲雨形成(區域性、長期性改變就可能影響全球尺度？)(其他地區)

8、AvissarandWerth(2005)157.2.2.3DailyandSeasonalVariabilityQianandGiorgi(2000)discussedregionalaerosoleffects,andnoteda