《新编语言学教程》1-4单元课后答案

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1、Chapter1Introduction1.Definethefollowingtermsbriefly.(1)linguistics语言学:thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.(2)language语言:asystemofarbitraryvocal任意的声音symbolsusedforhumancommunication.用于人类交流的任意声音符号系统(3)arbitrariness任意性:theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinrealit

2、y,语言符号的形式与现实的关系缺乏相似性e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.(4)duality双重性:thewaymeaninglesselementsoflanguageatonelevel(soundsandletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherlevel.在一个层面上（语言和字母）的无意义的语言元素结合在另一个层次上形成有意义的单位（词）(5)competence语言能力:knowledgeofthegrammarofalanguageasaformalabstractionanddi

3、stinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse作为一种形式抽象的语言的语法知识，区别于实际语言使用的行为,i.e.performance.(6)performance语言运用:Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromtheknowledgethatunderliesit,orcompetence.乔姆斯基对实际语言行为的术语不同于它的知识，或能力。(8)phaticcommunion交际性谈话:Languageisusedtoestablishanatmosphereormaintainsoc

4、ialcontactbetweenthespeakerandthehearer.语言是用来建立一个气氛或保持说话人和听话人之间的社会联系(11)synchroniclinguistics共时语言学:thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.语言和语言的研究，因为它们是在一个给定的时刻使用，而不是他们如何随着时间的推移演变(12)diachroniclinguistics历时语言学:thestudyoflinguisticchangeovert

5、imeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.语言在时间上的变化与语言在特定时刻使用的对比研究2.No,languageishuman-specific.Humanlanguagehassevendesignfeatures,includingarbitrariness,duality,productivity,interchangeability,displacement,specializationandculturaltransmission.Thesefeaturesarefoundutterlylackingind

6、ogs’orpigs’noisesandthussethumanlanguageapartfromanimalcrysystems.3.Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Forexample,forthesameanimaldog,inEnglishwecallit/d0g/,inChineseas“gou”,but“yilu”inJapanese;itbarkswowwowin

7、EnglishbutwangwanginChinese.Ofcourse,onomatopoeticwordssuchas“quack-quack”and“bang”areexceptions,butwordslikethesearerelativelyfewcomparedwiththetotalnumberofwordsinalanguage.4.Ahumanbabydoesnotspeakanylanguageat