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1、CHAPTER3GETTINGABEHAVIORTOOCCURMOREOFTENWITHPOSITIVEREINFORCEMENTAnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText1.Abaselineisameasureofbehaviorintheabsenceofatreatmentprogram.Forexample,inDanny’scase,hiscooperativeandcommandingbehaviorswereassessedbeforeDanny’smotherwasinstructedto
2、reacttothemdifferentlythanshehadinthepast.Otherexamplesmaybeappropriate.2.Behavior(orinstancesofcooperativebehavior).3.Time(orsessions,orsessionsin10-minuteintervals).4.Apositivereinforcerisaneventwhich,whenpresentedimmediatelyfollowingabehavior,causesthebehaviortoinc
3、reaseinfrequency.5.Thisprinciplestatesthatif,inagivensituation,somebodydoessomethingthatisimmediatelyfollowedbyapositivereinforcer,thatpersonismorelikelytodothesamethingagainwhenheorshenextencountersasimilarsituation.6.Operantbehaviorsarethosethatoperateontheenvironme
4、nttogenerateconsequences,andareinturninfluencedbythoseconsequences.Forexample,ifapersonwalksintoadarkroomandemitsthebehaviorofturningonalightswitch,thentheconsequenceofthelightgoingonincreasesthelikelihoodthatflippingthelightswitchwilloccurinasimilarsituationinthefutu
5、re.Flippingthelightswitchisthereforeanoperantbehavior.7.Theyarebothlawsofnature.8.Studentscandescribeanyplausibleexample,suchasthefollowing:Situation:Astudentinclassdidnotunderstandapartofalectureofoneoftheauthors.Responseofstudent:Approachedprofessorafterclasstoreque
6、sthelp.Immediateconsequence:Professorsmiledwarmly,andsaid,“Ofcourse!HowcanIhelpyou?”Long-termeffect:Studentismorelikelytoapproachprofessor(andperhapsotherprofessors)forhelpinthefuture.CHAPTER4DEVELOPINGANDMAINTAININGBEHAVIORWITHCONDITIONEDREINFORCEMENTAnswerstoStudyQu
7、estionsonMainText1.Unconditionedreinforcersarestimuliwhicharereinforcingwithoutpriorlearning,orwithouthavingtobeassociatedwithanyotherreinforcers.Foodforsomeonewhohasnoteatenforseveralhours,orwaterforsomeonewhohasnothadadrinkforseveralhours,areunconditionedreinforcers
8、.Otherappropriateexamplesareacceptable.2.Aconditionedreinforcerisastimuluswhichwasnotoriginallyreinforcingbutwhichacquiredre
