行为矫正原理与方法2

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1、CHAPTER3GETTINGABEHAVIORTOOCCURMOREOFTENWITHPOSITIVEREINFORCEMENTAnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText1.Abaselineisameasureofbehaviorintheabsenceofatreatmentprogram.Forexample,inDanny’scase,hiscooperativeandcommandingbehaviorswereassessedbeforeDanny’smotherwasinstructedtoreacttothemdifferentlythansheh

2、adinthepast.Otherexamplesmaybeappropriate.2.Behavior(orinstancesofcooperativebehavior).3.Time(orsessions,orsessionsin10-minuteintervals).4.Apositivereinforcerisaneventwhich,whenpresentedimmediatelyfollowingabehavior,causesthebehaviortoincreaseinfrequency.5.Thisprinciplestatesthatif,inagivensituati

3、on,somebodydoessomethingthatisimmediatelyfollowedbyapositivereinforcer,thatpersonismorelikelytodothesamethingagainwhenheorshenextencountersasimilarsituation.6.Operantbehaviorsarethosethatoperateontheenvironmenttogenerateconsequences,andareinturninfluencedbythoseconsequences.Forexample,ifapersonwal

4、ksintoadarkroomandemitsthebehaviorofturningonalightswitch,thentheconsequenceofthelightgoingonincreasesthelikelihoodthatflippingthelightswitchwilloccurinasimilarsituationinthefuture.Flippingthelightswitchisthereforeanoperantbehavior.7.Theyarebothlawsofnature.8.Studentscandescribeanyplausibleexample

5、,suchasthefollowing:Situation:Astudentinclassdidnotunderstandapartofalectureofoneoftheauthors.Responseofstudent:Approachedprofessorafterclasstorequesthelp.Immediateconsequence:Professorsmiledwarmly,andsaid,“Ofcourse!HowcanIhelpyou?”Long-termeffect:Studentismorelikelytoapproachprofessor(andperhapso

6、therprofessors)forhelpinthefuture.CHAPTER4DEVELOPINGANDMAINTAININGBEHAVIORWITHCONDITIONEDREINFORCEMENTAnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText1.Unconditionedreinforcersarestimuliwhicharereinforcingwithoutpriorlearning,orwithouthavingtobeassociatedwithanyotherreinforcers.Foodforsomeonewhohasnoteatenforsev

7、eralhours,orwaterforsomeonewhohasnothadadrinkforseveralhours,areunconditionedreinforcers.Otherappropriateexamplesareacceptable.2.Aconditionedreinforcerisastimuluswhichwasnotoriginallyreinforcingbutwhichacquiredre