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1、CHAPTER3GETTINGABEHAVIORTOOCCURMOREOFTENWITHPOSITIVEREINFORCEMENTAnswerstoStudyQuestionsonMainText1.Abaselineisameasureofbehaviorintheabsenceofatreatmentprogram.Forexample,inDanny’scase,hiscooperativeandcommandingbehaviorswereassessedbeforeDanny’smotherwasinstructedt
2、oreacttothemdifferentlythanshehadinthepast.Otherexamplesmaybeappropriate.2.Behavior(orinstancesofcooperativebehavior).3.Time(orsessions,orsessionsin10-minuteintervals).4.Apositivereinforcerisaneventwhich,whenpresentedimmediatelyfollowingabehavior,causesthebehaviortoi
3、ncreaseinfrequency.5.Thisprinciplestatesthatif,inagivensituation,somebodydoessomethingthatisimmediatelyfollowedbyapositivereinforcer,thatpersonismorelikelytodothesamethingagainwhenheorshenextencountersasimilarsituation.6.Operantbehaviorsarethosethatoperateontheenviro
4、nmenttogenerateconsequences,andareinturninfluencedbythoseconsequences.Forexample,ifapersonwalksintoadarkroomandemitsthebehaviorofturningonalightswitch,thentheconsequenceofthelightgoingonincreasesthelikelihoodthatflippingthelightswitchwilloccurinasimilarsituationinthe
5、future.Flippingthelightswitchisthereforeanoperantbehavior.7.Theyarebothlawsofnature.8.Studentscandescribeanyplausibleexample,suchasthefollowing:Situation:Astudentinclassdidnotunderstandapartofalectureofoneoftheauthors.Responseofstudent:Approachedprofessorafterclassto
6、requesthelp.Immediateconsequence:Professorsmiledwarmly,andsaid,“Ofcourse!HowcanIhelpyou?”Long-termeffect:Studentismorelikelytoapproachprofessor(andperhapsotherprofessors)forhelpinthefuture.CHAPTER4DEVELOPINGANDMAINTAININGBEHAVIORWITHCONDITIONEDREINFORCEMENTAnswerstoS
7、tudyQuestionsonMainText1.Unconditionedreinforcersarestimuliwhicharereinforcingwithoutpriorlearning,orwithouthavingtobeassociatedwithanyotherreinforcers.Foodforsomeonewhohasnoteatenforseveralhours,orwaterforsomeonewhohasnothadadrinkforseveralhours,areunconditionedrein
8、forcers.Otherappropriateexamplesareacceptable.2.Aconditionedreinforcerisastimuluswhichwasnotoriginallyreinforcingbutwhichacquiredre
