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1、Foreword填空1：Developmentstudiesisamultidisciplinarybranchofsocialsciencewhichaddressesissuesofconcerntodevelopingcountries.Ithashistoricallyplacedaparticularfocusonissuesrelatedtosocialandeconomicdevelopment,anditsrelevancemaythereforeextendtocommunitiesandregionsoutsideofdevelopingwor
2、ld.DevelopmentstudiesisofferedasaspecializedMaster’sdegreeinanumberofuniversities,and,lesscommonly,asanundergraduatedegree.Ithasgrowninpopularityasasubjectofstudysincetheearly1990s,andhasbeenmostwidelytaughtandresearchedinthethirdworld.InChina,thiscoursehasbeentaughtindifferentcollege
3、ofAgronomy.InChinaAgriculturalUniversity,thiscoursehasbeentaughtinCollegeofHumanitiesandDevelopment(theformerCollegeofRuralDevelopment).Ithasalsobeentaughtincountrieswithacolonialhistory,suchastheUK,wheredevelopmentstudiesoriginated.Asasubject,itismainlycomposedof3parts:developmentthe
4、ory,developmentresearchanddevelopmentpractice.答题1——举3个例子说明发展援助并不总是有效的（有无效的时候）2.4EffectivenessAideffectivenessIsthedegreetowhichdevelopmentaidworks,andis,asubjectofsignificantdisagreement.DissidenteconomistssuchasPeterBauerandMiltonFriedmanarguedinthe1960sthataidIsineffective.Manyecono
5、metricstudiesinrecentyearshavesupportedtheviewthatdevelopmentaidhasnoeffectonthespeedwithwhichcountriesdevelop.Negativesideeffectsofaidcanincludedasunbalancedappreciationofrecipient’scurrency(knownasDutchDisease)increasingcorruption,andadversepoliticaleffectssuchaspostponementsofneces
6、saryeconomicanddemocraticreforms.Thereisalsomuchdebateaboutwhichformdevelopmentaidshouldtakeinordertobeeffective.Ithasbeenarguedthatmuchgovernment-to-governmentaidwasineffectivebecauseitwasmerelyawaytosupportstrategicallyimportantleaders.AgoodexampleofthisIstheformerdictatorofZAIRE,Mo
7、butoSeseSeko,wholostsupportfromtheWestaftertheColdWarhadended.Mobuto,atthetimeofhisdeath,hadasufficientpersonalfortune(particularlyinSwissbanks)topayofftheentireexternaldebtofZaire.Besidessomeinstancesthatonlythepresident(and/orhiscloseentourage)receivesthemoneresultingfromdevelopment
8、aid,t
