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1、Foreword填空1:Developmentstudiesisamultidisciplinarybranchofsocialsciencewhichaddressesissuesofconcerntodevelopingcountries.Ithashistoricallyplacedaparticularfocusonissuesrelatedtosocialandeconomicdevelopment,anditsrelevancemaythereforeextendtocommunitiesandregionsoutsideofdevelo
2、pingworld.DevelopmentstudiesisofferedasaspecializedMaster’sdegreeinanumberofuniversities,and,lesscommonly,asanundergraduatedegree.Ithasgrowninpopularityasasubjectofstudysincetheearly1990s,andhasbeenmostwidelytaughtandresearchedinthethirdworld.InChina,thiscoursehasbeentaughtindi
3、fferentcollegeofAgronomy.InChinaAgriculturalUniversity,thiscoursehasbeentaughtinCollegeofHumanitiesandDevelopment(theformerCollegeofRuralDevelopment).Ithasalsobeentaughtincountrieswithacolonialhistory,suchastheUK,wheredevelopmentstudiesoriginated.Asasubject,itismainlycomposedof
4、3parts:developmenttheory,developmentresearchanddevelopmentpractice.答题1——举3个例子说明发展援助并不总是有效的(有无效的时候)2.4EffectivenessAideffectivenessIsthedegreetowhichdevelopmentaidworks,andis,asubjectofsignificantdisagreement.DissidenteconomistssuchasPeterBauerandMiltonFriedmanarguedinthe1960sth
5、ataidIsineffective.Manyeconometricstudiesinrecentyearshavesupportedtheviewthatdevelopmentaidhasnoeffectonthespeedwithwhichcountriesdevelop.Negativesideeffectsofaidcanincludedasunbalancedappreciationofrecipient’scurrency(knownasDutchDisease)increasingcorruption,andadversepolitic
6、aleffectssuchaspostponementsofnecessaryeconomicanddemocraticreforms.Thereisalsomuchdebateaboutwhichformdevelopmentaidshouldtakeinordertobeeffective.Ithasbeenarguedthatmuchgovernment-to-governmentaidwasineffectivebecauseitwasmerelyawaytosupportstrategicallyimportantleaders.Agood
7、exampleofthisIstheformerdictatorofZAIRE,MobutoSeseSeko,wholostsupportfromtheWestaftertheColdWarhadended.Mobuto,atthetimeofhisdeath,hadasufficientpersonalfortune(particularlyinSwissbanks)topayofftheentireexternaldebtofZaire.Besidessomeinstancesthatonlythepresident(and/orhisclose
8、entourage)receivesthemoneresultingfromdevelopmentaid,t