资源描述：
《科技英语阅读习题答案汇总》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、Unit1MathematicsPartIESTReadingReading1(http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-russells-paradoxSectionAPre-readingTaskWarm-upQuestions:Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1.WhoisBertrandRussell?BertrandArthurWilliamRussell(b.1872–d.1970)wasaBritishphilosopher,logician,es
2、sayistandsocialcriticbestknownforhisworkinmathematicallogicandanalyticphilosophy.Hismostinfluentialcontributionsincludehisdefenseoflogicism(theviewthatmathematicsisinsomeimportantsensereducibletologic),hisrefiningofthepredicatecalculusintroducedbyGottlobFrege(whichstillformsthebasisofmostcontemp
3、orarylogic),hisdefenseofneutralmonism(theviewthattheworldconsistsofjustonetypeofsubstancethatisneitherexclusivelymentalnorexclusivelyphysical),andhistheoriesofdefinitedescriptionsandlogicalatomism.Russellisgenerallyrecognizedasoneofthefoundersofmodernanalyticphilosophy,andisregularlycreditedwith
4、beingoneofthemostimportantlogiciansofthetwentiethcentury.2.WhatisRussell’sParadox?Russelldiscoveredtheparadoxthatbearshisnamein1901,whileworkingonhisPrinciplesofMathematics(1903).Theparadoxarisesinconnectionwiththesetofallsetsthatarenotmembersofthemselves.Suchaset,ifitexists,willbeamemberofitsel
5、fifandonlyifitisnotamemberofitself.Theparadoxissignificantsince,usingclassicallogic,allsentencesareentailedbyacontradiction.Russell'sdiscoverythuspromptedalargeamountofworkinlogic,settheory,andthephilosophyandfoundationsofmathematics.3.WhateffectdidRussell’sParadoxhaveonGottlobFregg’ssystem?Atfi
6、rstFregeobservedthattheconsequencesofRussell’sparadoxarenotimmediatelyclear.Forexample,“Isitalwayspermissibletospeakoftheextensionofaconcept,ofaclass?Andifnot,howdowerecognizetheexceptionalcases?Canwealwaysinferfromtheextensionofoneconcept’scoincidingwiththatofasecond,thateveryobjectwhichfallsun
7、derthefirstconceptalsofallsunderthesecond? Becauseofthesekindsofworries,Fregeeventuallyfeltforcedtoabandonmanyofhisviews.4.WhatisRussell’sresponsetotheparadox?Russell'sownresponsetotheparadoxcamewiththedevelopmentofhistheory
