资源描述：
《2004年英语学习资料-阅读精解23》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、“文档中国”搜集整理[www.wendang.com]2004年英语学习资料-阅读精解23Passage23战术在世界第一次大战中的作用AlthoughmuchhasbeenwrittenaboutWorldWarI,thestrategiclessonsofthatconflictforwarfarehavenotbeenfullycomprehended.Neverwasthedependenceofstrategyonstatecraftmoreclearlydemonstrated.Aspoliticalcircum
2、stancesofthewarchanged,strategychanged.TheCentralPowers,ledbyGermanyandAustria-Hungary,neverhadacommonplanofcampaignoreffectiveuni-tyofcommand.TheAlliedsideachievedunityonlyundernecessity.Alongwiththemilitaryfactors,economicandpsychologicalconsiderationsprovedimpor
3、tantinconductingthewarandgainingvictory.Althoughtheaimofannihilatingtheenemywasparamountwithbothsides-especiallyintheopeningcampaigns-thedesiretoexhausthimalsoinfluencedstrategy.MilitaryleadersinWorldWarIhadtomasterthreebasicfactorsinstrategiccalculations:massesofm
4、en,technologicaladvances,andwideareas.Themovementofhugemassesbecameanartinit-self,forarmieshadtakenonunprecedenteddimensions.Millionsofmenwereinaction.Railroadsandmotortransportbecameimportantnotonlyforconcentrationsbutalsoforestablishingnewstrategicpointsonthefron
5、tsthemselves.Thearenaofwarembracedwholecontinents.Battleslastedfordaysandweeks,andthefightingcontinuedevenafterthegreatbattleswereover.Newweaponscameintoplay.Newmeansofcommunication--telephone,radiotelegraphy,theautomobile,andtheairplane--promotedfasterexecutionofo
6、rdersandunifiedcommandoverwidelyscatteredforces.Theoverwhelmingfirepowerofmodemweaponscheckedtheeffectivenessoftheat-tack,longconsideredtheidealpathtovictory.Thetank,however,offeredfreshpossibilitiesinre-dressingthebalancebetweenthedefensiveandtheoffensive.Tacticsb
7、ecamemorethaneverapreludeandconditioningfactorofstrategy,sincewithoutfreedomofmovement,strategywasonlyanacadem-icexercise.Tacticscametomarkthebeginningratherthantheconclusionofanoperation.Therewerealsolargerstrategicinfluencesatwork.Warwasbecomingincreasinglytotala
8、ndcutdeeperintothelifeofthenation.SomeoftheforemostleadersandstudentsofWorldWarI--notablyWinstonChurchill--recognizedthatmilitarystrategyhadbecom
