2004年英语学习资料-阅读精解23

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1、“文档中国”搜集整理[www.wendang.com]2004年英语学习资料-阅读精解23Passage23战术在世界第一次大战中的作用AlthoughmuchhasbeenwrittenaboutWorldWarI,thestrategiclessonsofthatconflictforwarfarehavenotbeenfullycomprehended.Neverwasthedependenceofstrategyonstatecraftmoreclearlydemonstrated.Aspoliticalcircumstancesofthewarchan

2、ged,strategychanged.TheCentralPowers,ledbyGermanyandAustria-Hungary,neverhadacommonplanofcampaignoreffectiveuni-tyofcommand.TheAlliedsideachievedunityonlyundernecessity.Alongwiththemilitaryfactors,economicandpsychologicalconsiderationsprovedimportantinconductingthewarandgainingvictor

3、y.Althoughtheaimofannihilatingtheenemywasparamountwithbothsides-especiallyintheopeningcampaigns-thedesiretoexhausthimalsoinfluencedstrategy.MilitaryleadersinWorldWarIhadtomasterthreebasicfactorsinstrategiccalculations:massesofmen,technologicaladvances,andwideareas.Themovementofhugema

4、ssesbecameanartinit-self,forarmieshadtakenonunprecedenteddimensions.Millionsofmenwereinaction.Railroadsandmotortransportbecameimportantnotonlyforconcentrationsbutalsoforestablishingnewstrategicpointsonthefrontsthemselves.Thearenaofwarembracedwholecontinents.Battleslastedfordaysandwee

5、ks,andthefightingcontinuedevenafterthegreatbattleswereover.Newweaponscameintoplay.Newmeansofcommunication--telephone,radiotelegraphy,theautomobile,andtheairplane--promotedfasterexecutionofordersandunifiedcommandoverwidelyscatteredforces.Theoverwhelmingfirepowerofmodemweaponscheckedth

6、eeffectivenessoftheat-tack,longconsideredtheidealpathtovictory.Thetank,however,offeredfreshpossibilitiesinre-dressingthebalancebetweenthedefensiveandtheoffensive.Tacticsbecamemorethaneverapreludeandconditioningfactorofstrategy,sincewithoutfreedomofmovement,strategywasonlyanacadem-ice

7、xercise.Tacticscametomarkthebeginningratherthantheconclusionofanoperation.Therewerealsolargerstrategicinfluencesatwork.Warwasbecomingincreasinglytotalandcutdeeperintothelifeofthenation.SomeoftheforemostleadersandstudentsofWorldWarI--notablyWinstonChurchill--recognizedthatmilitarystra

8、tegyhadbecom