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1、“文档中国”搜集整理[www.wendang.com]2004年英语学习资料-阅读精解23Passage23战术在世界第一次大战中的作用AlthoughmuchhasbeenwrittenaboutWorldWarI,thestrategiclessonsofthatconflictforwarfarehavenotbeenfullycomprehended.Neverwasthedependenceofstrategyonstatecraftmoreclearlydemonstrated.Aspoliticalcircumstancesofthewa
2、rchanged,strategychanged.TheCentralPowers,ledbyGermanyandAustria-Hungary,neverhadacommonplanofcampaignoreffectiveuni-tyofcommand.TheAlliedsideachievedunityonlyundernecessity.Alongwiththemilitaryfactors,economicandpsychologicalconsiderationsprovedimportantinconductingthewarandgai
3、ningvictory.Althoughtheaimofannihilatingtheenemywasparamountwithbothsides-especiallyintheopeningcampaigns-thedesiretoexhausthimalsoinfluencedstrategy.MilitaryleadersinWorldWarIhadtomasterthreebasicfactorsinstrategiccalculations:massesofmen,technologicaladvances,andwideareas.Them
4、ovementofhugemassesbecameanartinit-self,forarmieshadtakenonunprecedenteddimensions.Millionsofmenwereinaction.Railroadsandmotortransportbecameimportantnotonlyforconcentrationsbutalsoforestablishingnewstrategicpointsonthefrontsthemselves.Thearenaofwarembracedwholecontinents.Battle
5、slastedfordaysandweeks,andthefightingcontinuedevenafterthegreatbattleswereover.Newweaponscameintoplay.Newmeansofcommunication--telephone,radiotelegraphy,theautomobile,andtheairplane--promotedfasterexecutionofordersandunifiedcommandoverwidelyscatteredforces.Theoverwhelmingfirepow
6、erofmodemweaponscheckedtheeffectivenessoftheat-tack,longconsideredtheidealpathtovictory.Thetank,however,offeredfreshpossibilitiesinre-dressingthebalancebetweenthedefensiveandtheoffensive.Tacticsbecamemorethaneverapreludeandconditioningfactorofstrategy,sincewithoutfreedomofmoveme
7、nt,strategywasonlyanacadem-icexercise.Tacticscametomarkthebeginningratherthantheconclusionofanoperation.Therewerealsolargerstrategicinfluencesatwork.Warwasbecomingincreasinglytotalandcutdeeperintothelifeofthenation.SomeoftheforemostleadersandstudentsofWorldWarI--notablyWinstonCh
8、urchill--recognizedthatmilitarystrategyhadbecom
