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1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目：NewScience,TechnologyandInnovationDevelopmentsInIndia出处：SupportingScience&TechnologyPolices作者：PIKAYRICHARDSON原文:AbstractThispaperreviewsthescienceandtechnologypoliciesofIndiaandhowthesehavefashionedIndia’stechnologycapabilityovertheyears.Itshowstha
2、twhileIndiahasachievedenormousstridesintheareaofscience,technologyandinnovation,inappropriatepoliciesinthepasthavehamperedthedevelopmentofaneffectivenationalinnovationsystem.ThepaperconcludesbydrawinglessonsforthedevelopmentofanEU-widescienceandtechnologypolicy2.Tr
3、endsinSTIDevelopmentsinIndia2.2TrendsinIndia’sScienceandTechnologyPolicyIthaslongbeenrecognizedthatinvestmentinscienceandtechnologymakessubstantialcontributiontoeconomicgrowthintermsofhighergrowthratesofaneconomy’stotalfactorproductivity(Abramovitz,1956,Denison1962
4、andSolow,1957,amongothers).Inadditiontodirectreturns,huge(positive)externalitieshavealsobeenfoundtobeassociatedwithit(Abramovitz,1989).Takingcognisanceoftheimportanceoftechnology’sroleindevelopment,advancedcountriesnurturecontinuingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnology
5、andmostdevelopingcountriesadoptR&Dpoliciesintheearlyphasesoftheirdevelopment.ScienceandTechnologypolicyconstitutesanintegralpartofanation’soverallindustrialpolicy(BarberandWhite,1987).Whiletheformershapesthepaceanddirectionoftechnologydevelopment,thelatterdetermine
6、sthenatureofdemand.ThissectionreviewstheevolutionofScienceandTechnologypolicyinIndiasinceindependence。ScienceandTechnologypolicyofanynationiscarvedwithinthebackgroundofoverallindustrialpolicy.Ifanything,S&Tpolicyissupposednotonlytogivemeaningto,butmoreimportantly,t
7、oensureachievementofthegoalsofindustrialpolicy.ItisthereforethethrustanddirectionofindustrialpolicythatdeterminesthetenetsofanyS&Tpolicy,althoughitmustbesaidthatR&Dmayleadtoresultsthatmayalsochangethecourseofindustrialpolicy.Evenso,S&Tpolicyhasalmostalwaysbeendrive
8、nbythegoalsofindustrialdevelopmentpolicy.Thissectionthereforedescribesthedevelopmentstrategyadoptedbythegovernmentinthevariousphasesofdevelopment
