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1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译外文题目：NewScience,TechnologyandInnovationDevelopmentsInIndia出处：SupportingScience&TechnologyPolices作者：PIKAYRICHARDSON原文:AbstractThispaperreviewsthescienceandtechnologypoliciesofIndiaandhowthesehavefashionedIndia’stechnologycapabilityovertheyears.Itshowsthatwh
2、ileIndiahasachievedenormousstridesintheareaofscience,technologyandinnovation,inappropriatepoliciesinthepasthavehamperedthedevelopmentofaneffectivenationalinnovationsystem.ThepaperconcludesbydrawinglessonsforthedevelopmentofanEU-widescienceandtechnologypolicy2.Trendsin
3、STIDevelopmentsinIndia2.2TrendsinIndia’sScienceandTechnologyPolicyIthaslongbeenrecognizedthatinvestmentinscienceandtechnologymakessubstantialcontributiontoeconomicgrowthintermsofhighergrowthratesofaneconomy’stotalfactorproductivity(Abramovitz,1956,Denison1962andSolow,
4、1957,amongothers).Inadditiontodirectreturns,huge(positive)externalitieshavealsobeenfoundtobeassociatedwithit(Abramovitz,1989).Takingcognisanceoftheimportanceoftechnology’sroleindevelopment,advancedcountriesnurturecontinuingdevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyandmostdevel
5、opingcountriesadoptR&Dpoliciesintheearlyphasesoftheirdevelopment.ScienceandTechnologypolicyconstitutesanintegralpartofanation’soverallindustrialpolicy(BarberandWhite,1987).Whiletheformershapesthepaceanddirectionoftechnologydevelopment,thelatterdeterminesthenatureofdem
6、and.ThissectionreviewstheevolutionofScienceandTechnologypolicyinIndiasinceindependence。ScienceandTechnologypolicyofanynationiscarvedwithinthebackgroundofoverallindustrialpolicy.Ifanything,S&Tpolicyissupposednotonlytogivemeaningto,butmoreimportantly,toensureachievement
7、ofthegoalsofindustrialpolicy.ItisthereforethethrustanddirectionofindustrialpolicythatdeterminesthetenetsofanyS&Tpolicy,althoughitmustbesaidthatR&Dmayleadtoresultsthatmayalsochangethecourseofindustrialpolicy.Evenso,S&Tpolicyhasalmostalwaysbeendrivenbythegoalsofindustri
8、aldevelopmentpolicy.Thissectionthereforedescribesthedevelopmentstrategyadoptedbythegovernmentinthevariousphasesofdevelopment
